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abscess drainage excepted.","Inaccessible target or high-risk vascular trajectory (relative).","Unsafe anesthesia or fitness; inability to cooperate when awake (relative).","Pregnancy for radiation-based procedures such as radiosurgery (relative).","MRI or contrast contraindication when needed for planning (relative)."],"days_in_clinic":{"min":1,"max":2,"unit":"nights","qualifier":"Overnight observation with post-procedure CT; longer if neurological symptoms or complications occur."},"diagnostic_duration_minutes":null,"diagnostic_preparation":null,"diagnostic_referral_needed":null,"diagnostic_result_time_hours":null,"exercise_resume_weeks":{"min":2,"max":4,"unit":"weeks","qualifier":"Light walking early; strenuous or contact exercise after wound healing and surgeon clearance."},"final_result_months":{"min":0,"max":1,"unit":"months","qualifier":"Final pathology diagnosis usually available within 1-2 weeks; special molecular tests may take longer."},"fly_home_after_days":{"min":2,"max":5,"unit":"days","qualifier":"After stable post-procedure CT and neurological check; surgeon clearance for cabin pressure and travel."},"follow_up_visits":[{"purpose":"result_review","after":{"min":7,"max":14,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Pathology results and treatment planning; often by remote consultation for international patients."},"requirement":"routine"},{"purpose":"suture_removal","after":{"min":7,"max":14,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Can be done by a local doctor at home if sutures are non-absorbable."},"requirement":"routine"},{"purpose":"wound_check","after":{"min":14,"max":30,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Only if redness, discharge, persistent headache or new neurological symptoms occur."},"requirement":"conditional"}],"indications":["Biopsy of deep or eloquent brain lesions for diagnosis.","Aspiration or drainage of selected abscesses, cysts or haematomas.","Deep brain stimulation or lesioning for Parkinson's, tremor, dystonia.","Radiosurgery for selected tumours, metastases, vascular malformations, functional targets.","Stereotactic electrode (SEEG) implantation for drug-resistant epilepsy."],"main_risks":["Intracranial haemorrhage, the main risk, may cause neurological deficit.","Infection of the wound, hardware or intracranial space.","Non-diagnostic or inaccurate sampling or targeting.","Seizure.","Transient or permanent neurological deficit depending on target.","Hardware-related problems or stimulation side effects for DBS.","Radiation-related effects such as swelling or radionecrosis for radiosurgery.","Risks of anaesthesia where used."],"pain":"Usually mild to moderate pin-site, incision and headache pain, managed with standard analgesia. Radiosurgery is painless apart from frame placement.","preparation":["Neurosurgical assessment and planning with MRI and/or CT imaging.","Bleeding-risk, medicine and fitness review with surgical team instructions.","Fasting and arrangements according to the anaesthesia plan."],"recovery_timeline":[{"phase":"First 24 hours","description":"Observation with neurological checks and CT to exclude bleeding. Mild headache and pin-site soreness are managed with analgesia.","restrictions":["Bed rest initially","No driving","Avoid blood thinners unless advised"]},{"phase":"Days 2-14","description":"Discharge and return home; wound care and gradual return to light daily activity. Sutures removed around day 7-14; desk work possible from about day 7-14.","restrictions":["Keep wound dry","No heavy lifting","No driving until cleared"]},{"phase":"Weeks 2-4","description":"Return to normal routine once wound is healed; pathology guides further treatment.","restrictions":["Avoid strenuous or contact sport until cleared"]}],"rehabilitation_days":{"min":3,"max":7,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Return to ordinary daily activity; depends on underlying lesion and any neurological deficit."},"result_longevity":"The tissue diagnosis is permanent; long-term outcome depends on the underlying lesion and subsequent treatment.","revision_rate_pct":{"min":3,"max":8,"unit":"percent","qualifier":"Repeat biopsy for non-diagnostic sampling or early reoperation for haemorrhage or infection."},"scars":"Frame and radiosurgery leave small pin marks. Biopsy needs a small incision or burr hole; DBS needs hidden scalp incisions plus a chest incision.","sessions_or_stages":{"sessions":{"min":1,"max":1,"unit":"visits","qualifier":"Single biopsy procedure; repeat only if sample is non-diagnostic."},"stages":[{"code":"planning_imaging","label":"Frame placement and planning imaging","after":{"min":0,"max":0,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Same day as biopsy."}},{"code":"biopsy","label":"Stereotactic biopsy sampling","after":{"min":0,"max":0,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Same day after planning."}},{"code":"post_procedure_ct","label":"Post-procedure CT and observation","after":{"min":0,"max":1,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Immediately and next morning."}}],"qualifier":"Frame-based biopsy completed in one procedure day."},"success":{"metric":"Diagnostic yield of frame-based stereotactic brain biopsy","value":92,"unit":"percent of patients with conclusive diagnosis","horizon":"Pathology result within 1-2 weeks","population":"Adults with deep or eloquent brain lesions needing tissue diagnosis","evidence_status":"proven"},"techniques":[{"name":"Frame-based stereotactic biopsy or drainage","suits_whom":"Adults with deep or small lesions needing tissue diagnosis or abscess/cyst aspiration.","recovery":"Often a short hospital stay with observation after the procedure; varies with the condition."},{"name":"Frameless (image-guided) stereotactic biopsy","suits_whom":"Selected patients with accessible lesions where neuronavigation accuracy is adequate.","recovery":"Similar to frame-based biopsy."},{"name":"Stereotactic deep brain stimulation or lesioning","suits_whom":"Selected patients with medication-refractory movement disorders or other approved indications.","recovery":"Staged care with programming over following weeks to months; varies."},{"name":"Stereotactic radiosurgery","suits_whom":"Selected patients with small or deep tumours, metastases, vascular malformations or functional targets.","recovery":"Generally non-invasive and usually same-day; effects develop over weeks to years."}],"treatment_conditions":["inpatient"],"treatment_duration_hours":{"min":1,"max":3,"unit":"hours","qualifier":"Includes frame placement, imaging, planning and sampling; longer with multiple targets."},"initial_assessment_documents":["Brain MRI with contrast, DICOM files","Head CT scan, DICOM files","Neurologist or neurosurgeon report","Biopsy or pathology report (if available)","List of blood thinners"],"travel_trips":{"min":1,"max":2,"one_trip_possible":true,"qualifier":"Biopsy or radiosurgery is usually single-visit, stay 2-5 days; deep brain stimulation adds a return trip for programming."},"clinic_checks":{"status":"ok","items":[{"id":"C1","text":"Check the qualifications of the medical team treating you","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://www.nhs.uk/using-the-nhs/healthcare-abroad/going-abroad-for-treatment/treatment-abroad-checklist/","host":"nhs.uk","quote":"Have you checked the qualifications of the 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clinician","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://travelhealthpro.org.uk/factsheets/travelling-for-treatment-medical-tourism","host":"travelhealthpro.org.uk","quote":"Medical advice from an administrator, a travel agent, or member of a sales team is not acceptable.","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-13","http_status":200}},{"id":"F3","text":"No written contract from the clinic or hospital is offered","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://travelhealthpro.org.uk/factsheets/travelling-for-treatment-medical-tourism","host":"travelhealthpro.org.uk","quote":"A written contract from the clinic or hospital should be provided.","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-13","http_status":200}},{"id":"F4","text":"The professional performing the procedure is unavailable for a consultation before 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