Chiari malformation (known as an Arnold–Chiari malformation as well) is a specific disorder in development, characterized by an abnormal anatomical relation between the cranial fossa and the rhombencephalon located in it. The anomaly leads to brain structures compression, which negatively affects general brain functioning.

Chiari malformation is classified according to its severity. Its types are rated 1-4, where 4 is the most severe.

The 1st type: cerebellar tonsil oppression with no other malformation in the nervous system. These symptoms commonly appear in pediatric time and can include:

  • Pain in neck
  • Balance disorder
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Problems with speech, vision and motor skills.

The 2nd type mostly appears in the first days of life. In addition to the cerebellar tonsil oppression, the cerebellar vermis, the medulla oblongata, and the IV ventricle also appear through the great foramen. The anomaly of Chiari II type is much more often combined with hydromyelia than the 1st type, and in the majority of cases, it is associated with myelomeningocele - congenital cerebrospinal hernia.

  • Among the symptoms are:
  • Problems with breathing
  • Weak arms
  • Difficulty swallowing.

The 3rd type has a high mortality rate. The 4th type is fatal.

The diseases remain incurable. However, doctors can save a patient with the 1st and the 2nd Chiari malformation types from complications if to diagnose the diseases early and accurately. Neurologists manage the symptoms, prescribe medications and surgery according to the type and form of the disease.