Plastic and Reconstructive surgeon from King Chulalongkorn memorial hospital faculty of Medicinet, Chulalongkorn University.
As a plastic and reconstructive surgeon, He believes that every patient's concern should be accurately diagnosed and treated. Offering only visibly effective treatment is not sufficient also aim to maximize patient's satisfaction and the overall well-being.
At Menness, we offer personalised programs and unwavering support to help you feel comfortable and confident in your own skin. Our specialised team provides safe and effective solutions tailored to your needs, ensuring the best results for all your health concerns. We strive to offer all services with privacy and aim to provide the most comfortable and best experience for you.
Plastic and Reconstructive surgeon from King Chulalongkorn memorial hospital faculty of Medicinet, Chulalongkorn University.
As a plastic and reconstructive surgeon, He believes that every patient's concern should be accurately diagnosed and treated. Offering only visibly effective treatment is not sufficient also aim to maximize patient's satisfaction and the overall well-being.
At Menness, we offer personalised programs and unwavering support to help you feel comfortable and confident in your own skin. Our specialised team provides safe and effective solutions tailored to your needs, ensuring the best results for all your health concerns. We strive to offer all services with privacy and aim to provide the most comfortable and best experience for you.
Dr. Akkrasash Vongjirad is a renowned plastic surgeon based in Bangkok, Thailand. With years of experience in the field, Dr. Vongjirad has gained a reputation for his exceptional skills and dedication to providing top-quality care to his patients.
Dr. Akkrasash Vongjirad specializes in plastic surgery, with a focus on cosmetic procedures to enhance the appearance of his patients. He is known for his expertise in performing a wide range of surgical and non-surgical treatments to help individuals achieve their desired aesthetic goals.
Dr. Akkrasash Vongjirad received his medical degree from a prestigious medical school in Thailand. He then completed his residency training in plastic surgery at a renowned hospital, where he honed his surgical skills and knowledge in the field.
With over a decade of experience in plastic surgery, Dr. Akkrasash Vongjirad has successfully performed numerous procedures, ranging from facelifts and breast augmentation to liposuction and rhinoplasty. His attention to detail and commitment to patient safety have earned him the trust and loyalty of his patients.
Dr. Akkrasash Vongjirad is affiliated with Asia Cosmetic Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand, where he provides his services to local and international patients seeking expert plastic surgery care. The hospital is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities and a team of experienced medical professionals to ensure the highest standards of care.
Dr. Akkrasash Vongjirad offers a wide range of plastic surgery services, including but not limited to:
Dr. Akkrasash Vongjirad is a renowned plastic surgeon based in Bangkok, Thailand. With years of experience in the field, Dr. Vongjirad has gained a reputation for his exceptional skills and dedication to providing top-quality care to his patients.
Dr. Akkrasash Vongjirad specializes in plastic surgery, with a focus on cosmetic procedures to enhance the appearance of his patients. He is known for his expertise in performing a wide range of surgical and non-surgical treatments to help individuals achieve their desired aesthetic goals.
Dr. Akkrasash Vongjirad received his medical degree from a prestigious medical school in Thailand. He then completed his residency training in plastic surgery at a renowned hospital, where he honed his surgical skills and knowledge in the field.
With over a decade of experience in plastic surgery, Dr. Akkrasash Vongjirad has successfully performed numerous procedures, ranging from facelifts and breast augmentation to liposuction and rhinoplasty. His attention to detail and commitment to patient safety have earned him the trust and loyalty of his patients.
Dr. Akkrasash Vongjirad is affiliated with Asia Cosmetic Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand, where he provides his services to local and international patients seeking expert plastic surgery care. The hospital is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities and a team of experienced medical professionals to ensure the highest standards of care.
Dr. Akkrasash Vongjirad offers a wide range of plastic surgery services, including but not limited to:
Dr. Ali Sadioğlu is a distinguished medical professional with a wealth of experience and a passion for plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery. His impressive journey began when he graduated from Ankara Science High School in 2006, followed by his graduation from Ankara University Faculty of Medicine in 2013.
In 2014, Dr. Sadioğlu proved his exceptional skills by securing the 59th rank out of approximately ten thousand doctors in the Medical Specialization Examination (TUS). This achievement earned him a coveted training position at Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery—an institution renowned for its excellence in plastic surgery in Turkey.
During his residency at Gazi University, Dr. Sadioğlu honed his surgical expertise, performing a multitude of aesthetic and reconstructive surgeries. His dedication to advancing his knowledge led him to complete a rigorous course organized by the Reconstructive Microsurgery Association, culminating in the acquisition of a prestigious microsurgery certificate.
In 2020, Dr. Sadioğlu successfully completed his residency, marking a significant milestone in his career. His finishing thesis, titled “The Long-term Effects of Abobotulinumtoxin A on Skin in a Rat Model,” demonstrated his commitment to innovative research and scholarship.
From 2020 to 2022, Dr. Sadioğlu fulfilled his obligatory service at Ankara Training and Research Hospital while also contributing to the education of residents. During this period, he actively participated in various national and international meetings and courses, making notable oral presentations.
Read moreDr. Ali Sadioğlu is a distinguished medical professional with a wealth of experience and a passion for plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery. His impressive journey began when he graduated from Ankara Science High School in 2006, followed by his graduation from Ankara University Faculty of Medicine in 2013.
In 2014, Dr. Sadioğlu proved his exceptional skills by securing the 59th rank out of approximately ten thousand doctors in the Medical Specialization Examination (TUS). This achievement earned him a coveted training position at Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery—an institution renowned for its excellence in plastic surgery in Turkey.
During his residency at Gazi University, Dr. Sadioğlu honed his surgical expertise, performing a multitude of aesthetic and reconstructive surgeries. His dedication to advancing his knowledge led him to complete a rigorous course organized by the Reconstructive Microsurgery Association, culminating in the acquisition of a prestigious microsurgery certificate.
In 2020, Dr. Sadioğlu successfully completed his residency, marking a significant milestone in his career. His finishing thesis, titled “The Long-term Effects of Abobotulinumtoxin A on Skin in a Rat Model,” demonstrated his commitment to innovative research and scholarship.
From 2020 to 2022, Dr. Sadioğlu fulfilled his obligatory service at Ankara Training and Research Hospital while also contributing to the education of residents. During this period, he actively participated in various national and international meetings and courses, making notable oral presentations.
Dr. med. Andrea Parafioriti specializes in Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.
He attended the Di Ivo Pitanguy School of Plastic Surgery for two years as an internal plastic surgeon and has had more than 900 surgeries to his credit.
He continued his training in France with Dr. med. Francois Petit, specializing in new minimally invasive gluteoplasty techniques.
Subsequently, he trained new plastic surgeons in residency school in Palermo, Italy.
He is a new generation plastic surgery specialist, particularly trained in the best schools in the world and who has gained experience with the use of new protocols with mesenchymal stem cells applied to both surgery and regenerative medicine.
Read moreDr. med. Andrea Parafioriti specializes in Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.
He attended the Di Ivo Pitanguy School of Plastic Surgery for two years as an internal plastic surgeon and has had more than 900 surgeries to his credit.
He continued his training in France with Dr. med. Francois Petit, specializing in new minimally invasive gluteoplasty techniques.
Subsequently, he trained new plastic surgeons in residency school in Palermo, Italy.
He is a new generation plastic surgery specialist, particularly trained in the best schools in the world and who has gained experience with the use of new protocols with mesenchymal stem cells applied to both surgery and regenerative medicine.
Doctor's visit | price on request |
Chin implant | $16221.33 - $17899.39 |
Education
Ege University Faculty of Medicine, 2009
Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, 2022
Institutions He Worked For
Yozgat State Hospital Emergency Service, Yozgat Maternity and Children's Hospital Emergency Service, Yozgat,
2016-2016
Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Erzurum,
2017-2019
Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Mersin,
2019-2022
Kutahya Health Sciences University Evliya Celebi Training and Research Hospital, Kutahya, 2022-2024
Publications
Projects
Proceedings
Education
Ege University Faculty of Medicine, 2009
Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, 2022
Institutions He Worked For
Yozgat State Hospital Emergency Service, Yozgat Maternity and Children's Hospital Emergency Service, Yozgat,
2016-2016
Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Erzurum,
2017-2019
Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Mersin,
2019-2022
Kutahya Health Sciences University Evliya Celebi Training and Research Hospital, Kutahya, 2022-2024
Publications
Projects
Proceedings
Qualification
Past Experiences
Read more
Qualification
Past Experiences
Doctor's visit | price on request |
Chin implant | $1500 |
Education, Awards and Certifications
• Inter High School Project Competition, Third in Turkey, Using the activated carbon
obtained from waste batteries as ion and gas trap,Scientific and Technological
Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK)-2009
• Tokat Science High School – 2010
• Istanbul University School of Medicine(Graduted with distinction) – 2016
• Sarıyer State Hospital(Emergency Medicine) 2017
• Animal Research Certificate – January 2019
• Microsurgery Certificate- May 2019
• Medical statistics certificate- July 2019
• Bagcılar Research and Training Hospital, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and
Aesthetic Surgery(Residency) 2017-2022
• Universita Campus Bio-Medico, Department of Plastic,Reconstructive and Aesthetic
Surgery Rome/Italy(Microsurgery Fellowship) 2022-
• Erzurum State Hospital,Erzurum/Turkey 2022-2024
Medipol Acıbadem District Hospital (Current)
Read moreEducation, Awards and Certifications
• Inter High School Project Competition, Third in Turkey, Using the activated carbon
obtained from waste batteries as ion and gas trap,Scientific and Technological
Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK)-2009
• Tokat Science High School – 2010
• Istanbul University School of Medicine(Graduted with distinction) – 2016
• Sarıyer State Hospital(Emergency Medicine) 2017
• Animal Research Certificate – January 2019
• Microsurgery Certificate- May 2019
• Medical statistics certificate- July 2019
• Bagcılar Research and Training Hospital, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and
Aesthetic Surgery(Residency) 2017-2022
• Universita Campus Bio-Medico, Department of Plastic,Reconstructive and Aesthetic
Surgery Rome/Italy(Microsurgery Fellowship) 2022-
• Erzurum State Hospital,Erzurum/Turkey 2022-2024
Medipol Acıbadem District Hospital (Current)
As a child, the career I wanted the most was to become a doctor because I wanted to help others, give back to the society, and provide something good to my fellow humans. When I grew up, I became a doctor as I had always dream of.
During my time as a medical student, I developed a strong passion for performing procedures because I enjoyed it and I was good at it. After graduating, I had the opportunity to further my studies in surgery due to my interest in performing various procedures and my personal traits of caring for everyone, treating them fairly, and focusing on achieving the best outcomes for my patients. I listen to what my clients want, analyze their structure, and perform procedures that best meet their needs.
This led me to open this clinic with the intention of ensuring that those who undergo surgery are “satisfied” and leave with “a smile and renewed confidence.”
Read moreAs a child, the career I wanted the most was to become a doctor because I wanted to help others, give back to the society, and provide something good to my fellow humans. When I grew up, I became a doctor as I had always dream of.
During my time as a medical student, I developed a strong passion for performing procedures because I enjoyed it and I was good at it. After graduating, I had the opportunity to further my studies in surgery due to my interest in performing various procedures and my personal traits of caring for everyone, treating them fairly, and focusing on achieving the best outcomes for my patients. I listen to what my clients want, analyze their structure, and perform procedures that best meet their needs.
This led me to open this clinic with the intention of ensuring that those who undergo surgery are “satisfied” and leave with “a smile and renewed confidence.”
Held in Seoul. South Korea on October 12th, 2019
Held in Seoul. South Korea on October 12th, 2019
Doctor's visit | price on request |
Chin implant | $2893.01 - $3769.68 |
Rhinoplasty, Breast Surgery, Sex Reassignment
1995 Certificate of Knowledge and Expertise in Medical Practice, Institute of Orthopedic Surgery,The Medical Council of Thailand
1993 Graduate Diploma in Clinical Science in Clinical Surgery, Chulalongkorn University
1980 Physician Training Program in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at East Virginia School (EVIMS), USA
Attend and become an Operation Smile Cleft Lip and Palate member at Norfolk, Virginia, USA Virginia, United States
29th Executive for intermediate, BMA Training and Development Institute
World Congress of Cosmetic Surgery, Aesthetic and Anti-Aging Medicine,
International Academy of Cosmetic Surgery, Japan World Congress of Cosmetic Surgery, Aesthetic and Anti-Aging Medicine, International Academy of Cosmetic Surgery in Japan
Member of the Society of Plastic Aesthetic Surgeons of Thailand
Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of Thailand (cosmetic surgery and general surgery)
Members of The International College of Surgeons (Plastic Surgery)
Members of Oriental Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (OSAPS)
Read moreRhinoplasty, Breast Surgery, Sex Reassignment
1995 Certificate of Knowledge and Expertise in Medical Practice, Institute of Orthopedic Surgery,The Medical Council of Thailand
1993 Graduate Diploma in Clinical Science in Clinical Surgery, Chulalongkorn University
1980 Physician Training Program in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at East Virginia School (EVIMS), USA
Attend and become an Operation Smile Cleft Lip and Palate member at Norfolk, Virginia, USA Virginia, United States
29th Executive for intermediate, BMA Training and Development Institute
World Congress of Cosmetic Surgery, Aesthetic and Anti-Aging Medicine,
International Academy of Cosmetic Surgery, Japan World Congress of Cosmetic Surgery, Aesthetic and Anti-Aging Medicine, International Academy of Cosmetic Surgery in Japan
Member of the Society of Plastic Aesthetic Surgeons of Thailand
Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of Thailand (cosmetic surgery and general surgery)
Members of The International College of Surgeons (Plastic Surgery)
Members of Oriental Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (OSAPS)
Doctor's visit | price on request |
Chin implant | $701.34 - $1227.34 |
Read more
Doctor's visit | price on request |
Chin implant | $4500 - $5500 |
“I was born in 1991 in the district of Ünye in Ordu. I am married and a fatherof one child. I graduated from Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine in 2015. Between 2016 and 2021, I completed my residency training in Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery at Eskişehir Osmangazi University.
Subsequently, from 2021 to 2023, I worked as a specialist in Plastic, Reconstructive and AestheticSurgery at Sancaktepe Şehit Prof.
Dr. İlhan Varank Training and Research Hospital. Currently, I provide services in Istanbul at a private healthcare institution, specializing in all types of aesthetic surgical procedures, non-surgical aesthetic treatments, hair transplantation, reconstructive surgery, congenital anomalies, and skin cancers.”
Read more“I was born in 1991 in the district of Ünye in Ordu. I am married and a fatherof one child. I graduated from Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine in 2015. Between 2016 and 2021, I completed my residency training in Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery at Eskişehir Osmangazi University.
Subsequently, from 2021 to 2023, I worked as a specialist in Plastic, Reconstructive and AestheticSurgery at Sancaktepe Şehit Prof.
Dr. İlhan Varank Training and Research Hospital. Currently, I provide services in Istanbul at a private healthcare institution, specializing in all types of aesthetic surgical procedures, non-surgical aesthetic treatments, hair transplantation, reconstructive surgery, congenital anomalies, and skin cancers.”
Plastic and reconstructive surgeon who is currently a medical professor in Thammasat University. With over 20 years of experience, the doctor has expertise in both cosmetic and reconstructive surgery. He is well known in Thailand and world wide for his facelift, eyelid, nose, breast augmentation surgery and tummy tuck along with sex reassignment surgery from male to female. With great attention to detail and ready to explain and provide all information with honesty to help patients increase confidence in their decision based on safety being our biggest priority.
Board Certification
2002 Diploma Thai Board of General Surgery
2004 Diploma Thai board of Family Medicine
2008 Diploma Thai Board of Plastic Surgery
Reconstruction surgery
Head and Neck reconstruction, Maxillofacial surgery, Flap, etc.
Cosmetic surgery
Sex change male to female, Facelift, facial contouring surgery, Rhinoplasty,
Mammoplasty, Blepharoplasty, Liposuction etc.
Associations
1.American Society of Plastic Surgery (ASPS)
2.Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons of Thailand (ThPRS)
3.Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons of Thailand (THSAPS)
4.International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery(ISAPS)
5.Oriental Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (OSAPS)
Read more
Plastic and reconstructive surgeon who is currently a medical professor in Thammasat University. With over 20 years of experience, the doctor has expertise in both cosmetic and reconstructive surgery. He is well known in Thailand and world wide for his facelift, eyelid, nose, breast augmentation surgery and tummy tuck along with sex reassignment surgery from male to female. With great attention to detail and ready to explain and provide all information with honesty to help patients increase confidence in their decision based on safety being our biggest priority.
Board Certification
2002 Diploma Thai Board of General Surgery
2004 Diploma Thai board of Family Medicine
2008 Diploma Thai Board of Plastic Surgery
Reconstruction surgery
Head and Neck reconstruction, Maxillofacial surgery, Flap, etc.
Cosmetic surgery
Sex change male to female, Facelift, facial contouring surgery, Rhinoplasty,
Mammoplasty, Blepharoplasty, Liposuction etc.
Associations
1.American Society of Plastic Surgery (ASPS)
2.Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons of Thailand (ThPRS)
3.Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons of Thailand (THSAPS)
4.International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery(ISAPS)
5.Oriental Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (OSAPS)
Dr. Shananya Varophas
ㆍPLASTIC SURGEON
Education Background
-HIGH SCHOOL / SAINAMPEUNG SCHOOL,THAILAND
-MEDICAL DEGREE / THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY,
THAILAND
- GENERAL SURGERY / THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY,
THAILAND
- PLASTIC SURGERY / CHULALONGKORN
UNIVERSITY,THAILAND
Read moreDr. Shananya Varophas
ㆍPLASTIC SURGEON
Education Background
-HIGH SCHOOL / SAINAMPEUNG SCHOOL,THAILAND
-MEDICAL DEGREE / THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY,
THAILAND
- GENERAL SURGERY / THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY,
THAILAND
- PLASTIC SURGERY / CHULALONGKORN
UNIVERSITY,THAILAND
Doctor's visit | price on request |
Chin implant | $701.34 - $1227.34 |
Dr. Jiraroch Meevassana
Education Background
2017
- ASAN MEDICAL RHINOPLASTY FORUM Department of Plastic Surgery , ASAN University
2016
- Reconstruction of Perineum and Lower Extremities Department of Plastic Surgery ,Chulalongkorn University
2015
- Periorbital Rejuvenation and Facial Reanimation Department of Plastic Surgery , Chulalongkorn University
2012
- Lower Extremity Flaps Reconstruction Department of Plastic Surgery , Chulalongkorn University
2010
- Microvascular Surgery Course Surgery department, Rajavithi Hospital , Thailand
2009
- ATLS [Advance Trauma Life Support certification The American College of Surgeon
2007
- Advance Cardiac Life Support The Heart Association of Thailand
2006
- Basic Research Methodology The Royal College of Surgeons of Thailand
- Best Practice In Critical Care Phramongkutklao Hospital , Thailand
Read moreDr. Jiraroch Meevassana
Education Background
2017
- ASAN MEDICAL RHINOPLASTY FORUM Department of Plastic Surgery , ASAN University
2016
- Reconstruction of Perineum and Lower Extremities Department of Plastic Surgery ,Chulalongkorn University
2015
- Periorbital Rejuvenation and Facial Reanimation Department of Plastic Surgery , Chulalongkorn University
2012
- Lower Extremity Flaps Reconstruction Department of Plastic Surgery , Chulalongkorn University
2010
- Microvascular Surgery Course Surgery department, Rajavithi Hospital , Thailand
2009
- ATLS [Advance Trauma Life Support certification The American College of Surgeon
2007
- Advance Cardiac Life Support The Heart Association of Thailand
2006
- Basic Research Methodology The Royal College of Surgeons of Thailand
- Best Practice In Critical Care Phramongkutklao Hospital , Thailand
Doctor's visit | price on request |
Chin implant | $701.34 - $1227.34 |
Medical Council Membership and Certifications
Specialized Aesthetic Surgery Training
International Training and Updates
Professional Ethos
The doctor is deeply committed to continuous professional development, striving to enhance surgical skills and achieve the highest standards of excellence in aesthetic and reconstructive surgery.sly taking care of patients for perfect beauty and, most importantly, safety.
Medical Council Membership and Certifications
Specialized Aesthetic Surgery Training
International Training and Updates
Professional Ethos
The doctor is deeply committed to continuous professional development, striving to enhance surgical skills and achieve the highest standards of excellence in aesthetic and reconstructive surgery.sly taking care of patients for perfect beauty and, most importantly, safety.
Op.Dr. Ali DOGAN
Expert Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgeon
Professional Summary
Op.Dr. Ali DOGAN is an accomplished plastic surgeon with extensive experience in performing a broad spectrum of plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic procedures. He is celebrated for his technical expertise, innovative approach, and dedication to delivering personalized care to each patient. With a focus on achieving natural and harmonious results, Op.Dr. DOGAN combines surgical precision with an artistic vision to enhance both form and function.
Core Competencies
• Aesthetic Surgery: Specialized in facial rejuvenation, breast augmentation, reduction and lifting, and all type of body contouring.
• Reconstructive Surgery: Proficient in post-trauma reconstructions, skin grafting, and microsurgical techniques.
• Non-Surgical Procedures: Skilled in minimally invasive treatments, including Botox, dermal fillers, and laser therapies.
• Burn Surgery: Expertise in acute burn care and reconstructive solutions for burn scars.
• Hand Surgery: Proficient in treating congenital and traumatic hand deformities.
• Pediatric Plastic Surgery: Specialized in correcting congenital anomalies such as cleft lip and palate.
• Cutting-Edge Techniques: Incorporates advanced technologies and innovative methods for optimal results.
Read moreOp.Dr. Ali DOGAN
Expert Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgeon
Professional Summary
Op.Dr. Ali DOGAN is an accomplished plastic surgeon with extensive experience in performing a broad spectrum of plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic procedures. He is celebrated for his technical expertise, innovative approach, and dedication to delivering personalized care to each patient. With a focus on achieving natural and harmonious results, Op.Dr. DOGAN combines surgical precision with an artistic vision to enhance both form and function.
Core Competencies
• Aesthetic Surgery: Specialized in facial rejuvenation, breast augmentation, reduction and lifting, and all type of body contouring.
• Reconstructive Surgery: Proficient in post-trauma reconstructions, skin grafting, and microsurgical techniques.
• Non-Surgical Procedures: Skilled in minimally invasive treatments, including Botox, dermal fillers, and laser therapies.
• Burn Surgery: Expertise in acute burn care and reconstructive solutions for burn scars.
• Hand Surgery: Proficient in treating congenital and traumatic hand deformities.
• Pediatric Plastic Surgery: Specialized in correcting congenital anomalies such as cleft lip and palate.
• Cutting-Edge Techniques: Incorporates advanced technologies and innovative methods for optimal results.