Dental implants are a top choice in modern dentistry, providing a long-lasting solution beyond improving a smile. They help maintain jawbone health and enhance the ability to eat and speak. With a remarkable success rate exceeding 90-95%, dental implants are widely recognized as the premier yet affordable option for teeth restoration. For example, high-quality dental implants start at just $400 per implant in Turkey, $1,000 in Mexico, and $900 in Thailand. Compared to the $2,500 in the UK and $2,000 in the US, these prices represent substantial savings of up to 85%. Bookimed strives to demystify the choices available through this guide, equipping patients with the insights necessary for informed dental health decisions.
Best Teeth Implants Key Takeaways:
📈Teeth implant success rate Exceeds 90-95%.
📜Clinics hold JCI and ISO certifications.
💸Significant savings with bundled services are available:
🕌Turkey. Single Implants cost $400 - $800 - up to 85% cheaper than the US ($2,000 - $5,000).
🏜️Mexico. Single Implants cost $1,000 - $1,500 - Up to 75% cheaper than the US ($2,000 - $5,000).
🛕Thailand. Single Implants cost $900 - $1,500 - up to 70% cheaper than in the US.
🏞️Lithuania. Single Implants cost $500 - $1,000, up to 80% cheaper than in the US.
🏰Poland. Single Implants cost $550 - $1,300 - up to 75% cheaper than the US.
🔩Top brands. Straumann offers success with Roxolid and SLActive; Nobel Biocare excels with All-on-4 and TiUnite; Zimmer Biomet uses Trabecular Metal; BioHorizons features Laser-Lok.
Table of contents:
What Are The Best Implants For Teeth?
Dental implants are made from materials that are safe for the body. They act as artificial roots to hold replacement teeth in place, giving them a natural look and function.
| Type of Implant | Description | Best For |
| Dental Implants | Standard implants requiring sufficient jawbone density; surgically placed into the jawbone. | Patients with adequate bone density. |
| Zygomatic Implants | Longer implants anchored in the cheekbone, used for significant upper jaw bone loss. | Patients with severe upper jaw bone loss. |
| All-on-4 Implants | Four implants (two vertical, two angled) supporting a full arch of teeth; maximizes bone use. | Full-mouth restoration with limited implants. |
| Mini Implants | Smaller diameter implants that are less invasive and stabilize dentures or replace smaller teeth. | Patients with limited bone availability; non-traditional implant candidates. |
Choosing the best dental implants involves considering various factors tailored to the patient's specific oral health needs, aesthetic desires, and budget constraints. Bookimed offers access to a network of trusted dental specialists who can guide patients through these decisions.
Aesthetic Preferences ✨
Choosing the best teeth implants involves balancing function and aesthetics. Zirconia and titanium are the top materials used, but each patient decides for themselves what the best material for teeth implants is.
Zirconia implants are famous for their natural appearance and hypoallergenic properties. Due to their color, they blend well with natural teeth. Zirconia implants have a 95% success rate after 10 years, making them a highly reliable choice for dental implantation.
Titanium implants are durable and robust, with comparable survival rates to zirconia (57.1-100% vs. 57.5-93.3%) and higher Pink Aesthetic Scores (PES), making them an excellent choice for dental implants. The Pink Aesthetic Score (PES) refers to how natural and aesthetically pleasing the gums look around dental implants.
Feature Zirconia Implants Titanium Implants Appearance Natural, tooth-like color. Metallic, may show through gums. Allergy Hypoallergenic Possible metal allergies Biocompatibility Excellent Excellent Durability 8-10 years 0-15 years Success Rate High, but fewer long-term studies. Very high, well-documented.
Medical History and Lifestyle 📔
A patient's history and lifestyle priorities are crucial when selecting dental implants. Patients with metal sensitivities or autoimmune diseases should consider zirconia implants to avoid potential allergic reactions and complications.
For those needing quick results, immediate load implants offer a provisional solution that can be placed on the same day as surgery. However, traditional implants, known for their durability and long-term success, require a healing period of 3 to 6 months before the final prosthetic placement.
Economic Factors 💵
Different options might be the best fit depending on the patient’s preferred budget. Patients looking for cost-effective solutions might go for treatments in countries like Turkey or Mexico, where high-quality care is available at a fraction of the cost compared to the US or UK. For example, traditional implants can start as low as $400 in Turkey, while more specialized options like zygomatic implants may begin at around $1,900. In contrast, prices in the United States range from $2,000 to $5,000 per implant, with the UK starting at $2,500 and reaching up to $3,300.
The Advantages of Teeth Implants
As an advanced solution for tooth replacement, dental implants offer unmatched benefits in aesthetics, durability, and oral health. Their high success rate, often exceeding 95%, makes them a reliable solution.
With their natural appearance and secure fit, dental implants can significantly boost a patient's self-esteem and confidence, enhancing their smile and overall facial aesthetics. A study showed that dental implants positively impacted mental well-being, with participants experiencing a significant decrease in psychological distress and notable improvements in vitality and social interactions.
Here are some rewarding aspects of getting teeth implants:
1. Natural Look and Feel 🌟
Teeth implants are designed to look, feel, and function like natural teeth. Custom-made to match the patient’s natural teeth in color, shape, and size, they provide a seamless and aesthetically pleasing appearance. Studies show that 94% of patients are satisfied with the aesthetic outcome of their implants.
2. Improved Oral Health 🩺
Implants help maintain the jawbone's structure, preventing bone loss that typically occurs with missing teeth. Unlike traditional bridges, implants do not require the reduction of adjacent teeth, preserving more of the patient’s natural teeth. This helps maintain dental integrity and reduces the risk of future issues.
3. Durability and Longevity🛡️
Teeth implants are incredibly durable, often lasting many years or even a lifetime with proper care. Titanium implants, in particular, have a long track record of success, with studies showing that 95% of titanium implants last over 10 years.
4. Enhanced Comfort and Convenience😊
Implants eliminate the discomfort and inconvenience associated with removable dentures. Permanently fixed in the mouth, they eliminate the need for adhesives and the risk of slipping during speech and eating, providing a more natural and comfortable experience. Most patients (97.3%) expressed satisfaction with their implants for eating and speaking, with only a tiny fraction (3.7%) reporting dissatisfaction.
5. Simplified Oral Hygiene 🪥
Implants do not require unique cleaning solutions or adhesives. Regular brushing, flossing, and routine dental check-ups are sufficient to maintain their health and appearance, making them easier to care for than dentures.
Best Teeth Implants In The World Cost
When considering dental implants, it's crucial to consider the quality and cost of procedures offered in different countries. Here’s a detailed outlook on various implant procedures.
Dental Implants💲
🦷Dental implants are artificial tooth roots surgically placed into the jawbone to support replacement teeth or bridges, offering a durable and natural-looking solution for missing teeth. Prices in the US range from $2,000 to $5,000 per implant, and in the UK, from $2,500 to $3,300 per implant, highlighting the cost-effectiveness of treatments in Turkey and Mexico
🕌In Turkey, prices range from $400 to $800 per implant. Comprehensive offers often include panoramic X-rays, extractions, local anesthesia, language assistance, 24/7 Bookimed assistance, and transportation. Turkey is renowned for its high-quality dental care, attracting over 150,000 dental tourists annually. Many clinics hold international certifications and accreditations such as JCI (Joint Commission International) and ISO (International Organization for Standardization).
🏜️In Mexico, costs range from $1,000 to $1,500 per implant. Packages may include follow-up exams, 3D CT scans, temporary prostheses, VIP transfers, and medical travel arrangements. Mexican clinics use internationally recognized materials, such as Straumann and Nobel Biocare.
| Country | Single Dental Implant Cost Range |
| Turkey | $400-$800 |
| Mexico | $1,000-$1,500 |
| Ukraine | $350-$1,300 |
| Thailand | $900-$1,500 |
| South Korea | $1,900-$2,100 |
| Great Britain | $2,500-$3,300 |
| United States | $2,000-$5,000 |
Zygomatic Implants
🦷Zygomatic implants are specialized dental implants designed for patients with severe bone loss in the upper jaw. They anchor in the zygomatic (cheek) bone instead of the jawbone. In the United States, prices range from $4,000 to $10,000, showcasing significant savings abroad.
🕌Costs in Turkey range from $1,600 to $2,200. Packages include consultations, local anesthesia, and panoramic X-rays. Many clinics use high-quality materials like Straumann and hold international accreditations.
🌅In the Dominican Republic, costs range from $550 to $2,500, with an average of $1,500. Packages generally include consultations and follow-up care.
🏰In Poland, costs are similar to those in the Dominican Republic. Clinics adhere to European Union standards, including CE (Conformité Européenne) marking and ISO certifications, ensuring high-quality care.
| Country | Zygomatic Implant Cost Range |
| Turkey | $1,600 - $2,200 |
| Dominican Republic | $550 - $2,500 |
| Poland | $550 - $2,500 |
| United States | $4,000 - $10,000 |
All-on-4 Dental Implants 🦷
🦷All-on-4 dental implants provide a cost-effective solution for full-arch restoration using four implants to support a full set of upper or lower teeth. Prices in the US range from $12,000 to $28,000, and in the UK, from $13,000 to $20,000, emphasizing the affordability of treatments in Turkey, Mexico and Thailand.
🕌In Turkey, costs range from $2,500 to $5,000. Packages typically include consultations, local anesthesia, 24/7 Bookimed assistance, language support, and transportation. Turkish clinics are internationally accredited, attracting numerous dental tourists.
🏜️In Mexico, All-On-4 teeth prices range from $8,000 to $12,000. Packages often include VIP transfers, temporary prostheses, and follow-up visits. Mexican clinics use top brands like Straumann and Nobel Biocare.
🛕In Thailand, prices range from $7,900 to $9,800. Offers usually include comprehensive consultations, anesthesia, temporary prostheses, and follow-up care. Thai clinics are known for their high standards, often holding international accreditations and using recognized implant brands.
| Country | All-on-4 Implants Cost Range |
| Turkey | $2,500-$5,000 |
| Mexico | $8,000-$12,000 |
| Ukraine | $4,500-$5,500 |
| Thailand | $7,900-$9,800 |
| South Korea | $8,700-$11,500 |
| Great Britain | 13,000-$20,000 |
| United States | $12,000-$28,000 |
Mini Implants 🦷
🦷 Mini implants are less invasive and suitable for patients with insufficient bone density who do not want to undergo bone grafting. Prices in the US range from $500 to $2,000, underscoring the affordability of treatments overseas.
🕌In Turkey, prices range from $400 to $600. Offers often include local anesthesia, consultation, and follow-up care. Turkish clinics use high-quality, internationally recognized materials and hold global health accreditations.
🏜️The best teeth implants in Mexico range from $200 to $250, with packages typically including the implant procedure and essential follow-up. Mexican clinics use reputable brands recognized globally.
🏰In Poland, prices range from $80 to $2,000, averaging around $550. Comprehensive offers include consultations and follow-ups. Polish clinics adhere to EU regulations and provide high-quality care.
🌅In the Dominican Republic, costs range from $300 to $400, with an average of $350. Packages often include the procedure and necessary follow-up care. Clinics in the Dominican Republic are known for their affordable and high-quality dental services.
| Country | Cost Range |
| Turkey | $400 - $600 |
| Mexico | $200 - $250 |
| Poland | $80 - $2,000 |
| Dominican Republic | $300 - $400 |
| United States | $500 - $2,000 |
Perfect Smile at the Best Price for Teeth Implants
Exploring all-inclusive packages can offer substantial value and convenience when considering dental implants. These comprehensive packages bundle necessary treatments and services into a single price, ensuring that patients receive top-notch care.
Cost Savings 💲
One of the primary benefits of all-inclusive dental implant packages is their significant cost savings. By bundling various services into a single dental implant package, patients can save considerably compared to paying for each service separately. For instance, the average cost of dental implant packages in countries like Turkey, Mexico, Hungary, and Thailand ranges from $400, while similar treatments in the USA can cost between $2,000 and $3,000.
Comprehensive Care 🌐
All-inclusive dental implant packages typically include services that ensure patients receive holistic care throughout their treatment journey. These packages often cover the following:
🗣 Initial Consultation. A thorough evaluation by a dental professional to assess the patient's needs and develop a personalized treatment plan.
🔬 Diagnostic Imaging. Advanced imaging techniques, such as 3D CT scans and panoramic X-rays, to precisely plan the implant placement.
🦷 Tooth Extractions. Remove any remaining damaged teeth to prepare the implant site, if necessary.
🔩 Implant Placement involves surgically placing dental implants using high-quality materials from internationally recognized brands like Straumann and Nobel Biocare dental implant brand.
🦷 Temporary Prosthetic Teeth. On the day of implant placement, immediate temporary teeth are provided to ensure functionality and aesthetics during the healing period after the dental implant surgery.
🦷 Final Prosthetic Teeth. Permanent prosthetic teeth are fitted after the implants fully integrate with the jawbone.
Accommodation and Travel 🏨🚗
Comfortable hotel stays are often part of the package, ensuring patients have a pleasant and relaxing environment during their treatment. Complimentary transfers from and to the airport, along with local transportation.
Personalized Services 🗣️📝
Clinics offering all-inclusive packages often provide personalized services to cater to the unique needs of international patients.
Clinics have multilingual staff to assist patients in their native language, ensuring clear communication and understanding.
What is the Best Dental Implant Brand?
The quality and material of dental implants abroad play a pivotal role in the procedure's success and the patient's overall satisfaction. This guide highlights the best dental implant brands and materials available in clinics in Turkey, Mexico, and other countries.
Let's look at the specialized dental implant systems the brands offer:
| Brand | Brand Origins | Single Tooth Implants | All-on-4 Dental Implants | Zygomatic Implants | Mini Implants |
| Straumann | Switzerland | BLX, SLA, SLActive | Pro Arch | Straumann Zygomatic Implants | Straumann Mini Implants |
| Nobel Biocare | Switzerland | NobelActive, NobelReplace | All-on-4 System | NobelZygoma | NobelActive Mini Implants |
| Zimmer Biomet | United States | Tapered Screw-Vent | Tapered Screw-Vent All-on-4 | Trabecular Metal Zygomatic | Trabecular Metal Mini Implants |
| BioHorizons | United States | Tapered Internal, Tapered Plus | BioHorizons All-on-4 | BioHorizons Zygomatic | BioHorizons Mini Implants |
🔩Straumann
Straumann dental implants have been extensively researched, with numerous studies supporting their high success rates and durability. For example, the study "Long-term results of Straumann dental implants" demonstrates a survival rate of 88% after an observation time of 23.5 years.
Straumann is known for its innovative materials, such as Roxolid, a titanium-zirconium alloy that enhances strength and osseointegration. Their SLActive surface technology accelerates the osseointegration process, reducing healing times. Straumann dental implants are also known for their precision engineering and ease of dental implants placement.
| Country | Single Tooth Cost | All-on-4 Cost | Zygomatic Cost | Mini Implants Cost | |
| Turkey | $1,500 | $9,000 | $3,000 | $800 | |
| Mexico | $1,350 | $9,700 | $2,500 | $400 | |
| Thailand | $2,000 | $10,000 | $3,500 | $900 | |
| Poland | $1,800 | $11,000 | $3,200 | $700 | |
| Lithuania | $1,700 | $10,500 | $3,000 | $650 | |
| United States | $5,000 | $24,000 | $21,500 | $1,500 | |
| United Kingdom | $3,500 | $18,000 | $15,000 | $1,200 |
🔩Nobel Biocare
Nobel Biocare dental implants are well-researched, with studies highlighting their success and reliability. From a total of 1,885 implants, the cumulative dental implant survival and success rates were 93%.
Nobel Biocare is renowned for its All-on-4 treatment concept, which allows for the placement of a full arch of the best implants teeth on just four dental implants. They offer advanced solutions like NobelActive and NobelReplace dental implant systems, which are known for their immediate function and high primary stability. Nobel Biocare's innovative surface technology, TiUnite, enhances osseointegration and long-term success.
| Country | Single Tooth Cost | All-on-4 Cost | Zygomatic Cost | Mini Implants Cost |
| Turkey | $1,600 | $9,500 | $3,200 | $850 |
| Mexico | $1,200 | $9,950 | $2,500 | $400 |
| Thailand | $2,100 | $10,500 | $3,600 | $950 |
| Poland | $1,900 | $11,500 | $3,400 | $750 |
| Lithuania | $1,800 | $11,000 | $3,200 | $700 |
| United States | $5,000 | $24,000 | $21,500 | $1,500 |
| United Kingdom | $3,600 | $18,500 | $15,500 | $1,250 |
Zimmer Biomet implants have been the subject of numerous studies validating their effectiveness and longevity. After 7.5 years, the implant survival was 98.5% for all implants placed, and the dental implant success was 96.2% for all surviving implants.
Zimmer Biomet is known for its proprietary Trabecular Metal technology, which mimics the structure of natural bone and enhances osseointegration. Their Tapered Screw-Vent dental implants are praised for their primary stability and versatility in different clinical situations. Zimmer Biomet's focus on digital dentistry also improves the precision and outcomes of implant procedures.
| Country | Single Tooth Cost | All-on-4 Cost | Zygomatic Cost | Mini Implants Cost |
| Turkey | $1,550 | $9,250 | $3,100 | $825 |
| Mexico | $1,270 | $8,500 | $2,550 | $400 |
| Thailand | $2,050 | $10,250 | $3,550 | $925 |
| Poland | $1,850 | $11,250 | $3,300 | $725 |
| Lithuania | $1,750 | $10,750 | $3,100 | $675 |
| United States | $5,000 | $24,000 | $21,500 | $1,500 |
| United Kingdom | $3,550 | $18,250 | $15,250 | $1,225 |
🔩BioHorizons
BioHorizons dental implants are supported by extensive research demonstrating their success and patient satisfaction. The 5-year study highlights their 98.7% and 99.6% survival rates and favorable clinical performance.
| Country | Single Tooth Cost | All-on-4 Cost | Zygomatic Cost | Mini Implants Cost |
| Turkey | $1,650 | $9,750 | $3,300 | $875 |
| Mexico | $1,270 | $10,200 | $2,500 | $400 |
| Thailand | $2,150 | $10,750 | $3,650 | $975 |
| Poland | $1,950 | $11,750 | $3,500 | $775 |
| Lithuania | $1,850 | $11,250 | $3,300 | $725 |
| United States | $5,000 | $15,000 | $21,500 | $1,500 |
| United Kingdom | $3,650 | $18,750 | $15,750 | $1,275 |
*Please note that these prices are approximate and may vary depending on the specific case, location, and any additional procedures required.
5 Best Countries to Get Teeth Implants Abroad
Many patients look for countries for dental implants, that provide high-quality dental implant options. Here are the five best countries for getting teeth implants, with detailed pros and cons.
Turkey
Pros
Teeth implants in Turkey are 2-3 times cheaper than in the US and UK. Dental implants in Turkey range from $400 to $800; in the US, the same procedures can cost between $2,000 and $5,000 per implant.
Many clinics in Turkey are internationally accredited by organizations such as Joint Commission International (JCI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). T
Clinics often offer all-inclusive packages that include accommodation, transportation, and follow-up care.
Patients can explore Turkey's rich cultural heritage and beautiful landscapes during their stay.
Con
Depending on the patient`s location, traveling to Turkey may be lengthy and require multiple flights. For instance, a flight from New York to Istanbul takes approximately 10-12 hours.
Mexico
Pros
Mexico is close to the United States, making it the best place to get teeth implants for North American patients.
Clinics often use top brands like Straumann and Nobel Biocare, ensuring high-quality and durable implants.
Many dentists in Mexico are trained internationally and offer high standards of care. Many clinics have certifications from the American Dental Association (ADA).
Many clinics offer quick turnaround times, often completing procedures in one trip.
Con
There may be additional costs for transportation and lodging, although specific clinics might help coordinate these arrangements.
Thailand
Pros
Thailand is known as one of the top places for teeth implants thanks to its advanced medical facilities and highly trained dentists. JCI and ISO accredit many clinics in Thailand.
Many clinics offer packages that include accommodation, transportation, and other services, making it easier for international patients.
It is two times cheaper in Thailand than in Western countries. Single implants in Thailand range from $900 to $1,500, compared to prices in the USA, where they cost $2,000 to $5,000.
Patients can enjoy beautiful beaches and cultural experiences in Bangkok, Phuket, and Chiang Mai.
Con
The tropical climate may be challenging for some visitors, particularly those not used to high humidity and heat.
Lithuania
Pros
It is the best best place for teeth implants for European patients due to shorter travel distances, with flights from major European cities like London to Vilnius taking approximately 2-3 hours.
Patients receive high-quality services featuring top dental implant brands like Straumann, Nobel Biocare, and BioHorizons and care from board-certified dentists with international training.
The Lithuanian Dental Chamber controls practice and provides dentists with professional development.
Lithuanian clinics use equipment from renowned companies like Alpha Bio Tec (Israel) and Nobel Biocare (Switzerland), ensuring top-notch treatments and positive results.
Con
English is widely spoken, but language can still be a barrier in some areas.
Poland
Pros
Compared to Western Europe and the US, patients save money with competitive pricing in Poland for dental implants. Implants average $700 in Poland versus $2,500 in the US.
As the best country for dental implants, Poland is a significant player in the global dental implant market and offers access to a diverse range of the best dental implant brands. Examples of dental implant brands available in Poland include Straumann and Nobel Biocare.
Clinics in Poland are renowned for their attentive and compassionate staff, which enhances the patient experience of getting a dental implant done.
Dental clinics in Poland adhere to international standards of quality and safety, according to Global Clinic Rating, that evaluates clinics worldwide.
Con
Patients should verify whether their dental insurance covers treatments abroad, as not all plans may include Poland.
A Guide to Find the Best Dentist for Implant Teeth
Finding the best teeth implant dentist for dental implants abroad is crucial to ensure a successful procedure and long-term satisfaction. Here’s a concise guide prepared by Bookimed to help the patient choose the best dentist for their dental implant needs.
Qualifications and Experience 🎓
Ensure the doctor is board-certified in implant dentistry or oral surgery and has several years of experience.
Look for specialized training in implantology from recognized institutions. Dentists should have completed advanced courses in implant dentistry, such as those offered by the American Academy of Implant Dentistry (AAID) or the International Congress of Oral Implantologists (ICOI).
Pay attention to the certificates of the dental implant doctor in advanced surgical techniques, bone grafting, and sinus lifting. These indicate a highly qualified professional. Bookimed works only with qualified specialists who meet these rigorous standards.
Choose the best teeth implant doctor who uses state-of-the-art technology like 3D imaging, digital X-rays, and computer-guided implant surgery.
Patient Reviews and Testimonials 🗣️
Read reviews and testimonials from previous patients. Look for online reviews and before and after dental implant photos of actual patients. This provides insights into the dentist’s skills and patient satisfaction levels.
FAQs
Who is a good candidate for dental implants abroad?
Good candidates for dental implants are those with sufficient bone density, healthy gums, and good overall health. Non-smokers and individuals without chronic diseases like diabetes or heart conditions are preferred.
What are the stages of the dental implant procedure?
The dental implant procedure typically involves several stages: initial consultation, dental implant placement, osseointegration (healing period), and attachment of the prosthetic tooth.
How long do dental implants last?
With proper care, dental implants can last a lifetime. However, due to normal wear and tear, the prosthetic tooth attached to the implant may need dental implant replacement after 10-15 years.
What is the recovery time for dental implants abroad?
Initial recovery from the dental implant placement takes a few days to a week, but complete healing (osseointegration) can take 3-6 months.
What are the oral health considerations in choosing dental implants?
Dental implant suitability primarily hinges on jawbone condition. Standard implants require good bone density, while alternative options like mini implants or bone grafting accommodate significant bone loss. The success of the implant heavily depends on these initial conditions. A remarkable 97% success rate in healthy patients versus 71.4% in medically compromised patients highlights the high likelihood of successful dental implants.
How does one get started with Bookimed for the dental implant procedure?
Visit the Bookimed website, fill out a request form with your dental implant treatment needs, and a medical coordinator will contact you to discuss your options and guide you through the dental implant process.
Can Bookimed assist with dental implant procedures in multiple countries?
Yes, Bookimed partners with top clinics in various countries, including Turkey, Mexico, Thailand, Lithuania, and Poland, offering a wide range of options for dental implant procedures.
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- Retrospective Analysis of Dental Implant Failure Rates in Patients with Compromised Health / S. C. Bidyasagar Bal et al. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences. 2023. Publish Ahead of Print. URL: https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_186_23 (date of access: 10.06.2024).
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- Javaid M., Haleem A., Kumar L. Current status and applications of 3D scanning in dentistry. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 2019. Vol. 7, no. 2. P. 228–233. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2018.07.005 (date of access: 10.06.2024).