Best neurosurgeons in Istanbul: TOP 65 doctors

• Expert in Neurosurgery, specializing in DBS for Parkinson's and movement disorders.
• Internationally trained in Germany, Spain, UK, Israel, Belgium, and USA.
• Conducted over 1,500 Neurosurgical interventions, specializing in DBS.
• Broke Guinness World Record for largest gathering of DBS patients.
• Holds EANS license and passed European Board of Neurosurgery Exam.
• Recognized with awards including the Golden Palm and International Elekta Award.
• Member of prestigious societies such as ESSFN, WSSFN, and IASP.
• Offers online consultations for Neurosurgery patients globally.

Op. Dr. Ertuğrul Pınar graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Medicine in 2012 and worked as a general practitioner in Çanakkale and Ağrı before completing his training in the Department of Neurosurgery at Marmara University. He was assigned as a specialist doctor to Şanlıurfa in 2019. In 2021, Dr. Ertuğrul Pınar transitioned to the private sector and is involved in adult and pediatric brain and spine diseases.

MEDICAL INTERESTS

• Brain Tumors
• Glial Tumors
• Meningiomas
• Brain Metastases
• Skull Base Tumors
• Posterior Fossa Tumors
• Intraventricular Masses
• Pituitary Adenoma
• Scalp and Bone Tumors
• Cerebral Edema
• Cerebral Hemorrhages
• Cerebral Vascular Aneurysms
• Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
• Cavernomas
• Head Injuries

2022 - Currently, İstanbul/Turkey

MEMORIAL ATAŞEHIR HOSPITAL

Neurosurgeon

2018 - 2022, İstanbul/Turkey

VM MEDICAL PARK PENDİK HOSPITAL

Neurosurgeon

2012 - 2018, İstanbul/Turkey

BAHÇEŞEHİR UNIVERSITY MEDICAL PARK GÖZTEPE HOSPITAL

Neurosurgeon

2009 - 2011, Bitlis/Turkey

MINISTRY OF HEALTH TATVAN STATE HOSPITAL

Neurosurgeon

• Specializes in Neurosurgery, focusing on Gamma Knife and functional neurosurgery.
• International training in the US and Turkey; certified in advanced neurosurgical techniques.
• Winner of the Young Neurosurgeon Award from the German Society of Neurosurgery, 2014.
• Trained at renowned institutes such as Oregon Health and Science University and Cleveland Clinic.
• Holds certifications in neurosurgery, Gamma Knife, and endovascular procedures.
• Member of Turkish Neurosurgical Society and Turkish Spine Association.
• Offers online consultations for patients seeking neurosurgical treatment.

2019 - Present, Istanbul/Istanbul/Türkiye

MEMORIAL SISLI HOSPITAL

Neurosurgery Specialist

2016 - 2019, Istanbul/Istanbul/Türkiye

ACIBADEM HEALTH GROUP

Neurosurgery Specialist

2015 - 2016, /USA

OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

Neurosurgery Specialist

2013 - 2016, Mardin/Mardin/Türkiye

MARDIN STATE HOSPITAL

Neurosurgery Specialist

2012 - 2013, Istanbul/Istanbul/Türkiye

HASEKİ TRAINING AND RESEARCH HOSPITAL

Neurosurgery Specialization Training

2011 - 2012, Istanbul/Istanbul/Türkiye

MARMARA UNIVERSITY TRAINING AND RESEARCH HOSPITAL

Neurosurgery Specialization Training

2011 - 2011, /USA

JOHN'S HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

Neurosurgery Specialization Training

2008 - 2011, Istanbul/Istanbul/Türkiye

HASEKİ TRAINING AND RESEARCH HOSPITAL

Neurosurgery Specialization Training

2021 - Present, Istanbul/Türkiye

MEMORIAL BAHCELIEVLER HOSPITAL

Neurosurgery Specialist

2009 - 2014, Ankara/Türkiye

ANKARA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MEDICINE

Neurosurgery Specialist

2008 - 2009, Konya / Türkiye

KONYA MILITARY HOSPITAL

325th Term Medical Second Lieutenant

2007 - 2008, Agri/Türkiye

DOĞUBAYAZIT STATE HOSPITAL

Neurosurgery Specialist (Compulsory Service)

2006 - 2007, Ankara/Türkiye

ANKARA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MEDICINE

Neurosurgery Specialist

2001 - 2006, Ankara/Türkiye

ANKARA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MEDICINE

Assistant Doctor of Neurosurgery

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EDUCATION

2022

Associate Professor

2017 - 2020, Istanbul/Turkey

University of London, School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

Master’s Program in Clinical Trials

2013, Istanbul/Turkey

AMERICAN HOSPITAL, IVF UNIT

Ministry of Health Subspecialty Training in Reproductive Medicine

2005 - 2010, Istanbul/Turkey

İSTANBUL GÖZTEPE TRAINING AND RESEARCH HOSPITAL

Residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology

1998 - 2004, Istanbul/Turkey

İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY, CERRAHPAŞA FACULTY OF MEDICINE

Medical Doctor (M.D.) Education                                                                      

Prof. Dr. Onur YAMAN was born in Germany in 1976. In 2001, he graduated from Ege University Faculty of Medicine. In 2009, he received his specialization in Neurosurgery from Celal Bayar University. Between 2009-2011, he worked as a Neurosurgeon at Muş State Hospital and Rize Training and Research Hospital. Between 2011-2013, he worked at Tepecik Training and Research Hospital. Between 2013-2014, he worked at Ankara Spine Center. Between 2014-2018, he worked at Koç University Hospital Spine Center and received the title of associate professor in 2015. Between 2018-2024, he worked at Memorial Hospitals Group's Spine Center and was awarded the title of professor in 2021. Between 2023-2024, he worked as an instructor at Arel University Faculty of Medicine. Since 2024, he has been working at NPISTANBUL Brain Hospital and at the same time he is an instructor at Üsküdar University Faculty of Medicine.

Prof. Dr. Onur YAMAN is the president of the Middle East Spine Society since 2022. In addition, he is active in many professional associations.

He has made numerous oral presentations at international and national congresses and has edited books and book chapters published in many international and national publishing houses.

Dr. Nejat Akalan is a leading neurosurgeon specializing in brain and nerve surgeries, with over 35 years of experience. His areas of expertise include epilepsy, glioma, skull injuries, movement disorders, spine tumors, herniations, and other nervous disorders. He uses advanced techniques in his surgeries and has published 117 scientific papers and a book.

Neurosurgery

Fields of Study and Interests

• Spina Bifida,

• Lumbar Mass,

• Tumor,

• Meningomyelocele,

• Neurological Diseases,

• Cervical Disc Hernia,

• Brain Diseases,

• Herniated disc

• Neck hernia

• Spinal Canal Stenosis

• Spondylolisthesis (Waist Slip)

• Brain Tumors

• Spinal Cord Tumors

• Spine Fracture

• Celebral hemorrhage

• Brain Aneurysm

• hydrocephalus

• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Education

• University of Wisconsin Neurosurgery Clinic Neurosurgery Specialization Training 2017,

Madison/USA

• Bakırköy Mental and Neurological Diseases Hospital Brain and Nerve Surgery Specialization

Training 2014, Istanbul/Turkey

• Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Medical Doctor Specialization Training 2007,

Mersin/Turkey

Career

• Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Training and Research Hospital 2014-2021, Istanbul/Turkey

• Istanbul Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital 2008-2014, Istanbul/Turkey

• Çorlu State Hospital 2007-2008, Çorlu/Turkey

Publications: Üçer, M. (2021). Minimally Invasive Approach Toward Percutaneous Direct Pars

Repair: An Observational Study. World Neurosurgery, 146, e1301-e1306.

Neurosurgery Training: Gazi University, Department of Neurosurgery, 2011 

H index: 10, I10 Index: 12 Citations: 296

 Dr Mehmet Tonge has international and nationwide 32 publications, 12 book chapters, 92 oral and poster presentations and 41 invited lectures, mostly on Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 

Work & Training experience:

2004-2011: Gazi University, Department of Neurosurgery (Residency)

 2008: Zurich University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery (Intraoperative MRI applications), Switzerland 

2008: Zurich University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery: Microneurosurgery, white matter dissection, interventional neuroradiology courses, Switzerland 

2011 – 2012: Sinop Ataturk State Hospital, Neurosurgeon

 2012 – 2013: Cankiri State Hospital, Neurosurgeon 

2013 – 2014: Istanbul Medipol University, Department of Neurosurgery & Gamma Knife Center (Ass Prof) 

2013 – now: Maastricht University Neurosurgery & Neuroscience Department (Visiting scientist, PhDc) The Netherlands 

2014: Maastricht University, The Netherlands: Deep Brain Stimulation Fellowship 2014-2018: Istanbul Memorial Hospital Neurosurgery: Staff Neurosurgeon

 2016-2018: Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital (Consultant, Gamma Knife Center) 

2018-now: Istanbul Medipol University (Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery, Gamma Knife Center) Ass. Prof.) 

Dr Mehmet Tonge has completed 4-year cycle EANS (European Association of Neurosurgical Societies) Training courses. 

Clinical areas of interest:

 • Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery

 • Surgery for movement disorders

• * MR Guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS)

 • Gamma Knife Radiosurgery 

• Surgery for pain & spasticity 

• Psychosurgery

Research areas of interest: 

• Deep brain stimulation

• * MR Guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS)

 • Stereotactic radiosurgery 

Administrative duties:

 • Turkish Neurosurgical Society, Sterotactic & Functional Neurosurgery Section: Board member 2015- 2017 

• Turkish Neurosurgical Society, Sterotactic & Functional Neurosurgery Section: Board member (Secretary) 2017-2019

 • Turkish Skull Base Society: Board member 2016-2018

 • Turkish Skull Base Society: Supervisory board member 2018-2020

 • Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders Surgery Society: Executive Board Member, (Accountant) 2023-still 

Memberships: 

• WSSFN (World Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery Society) 

• ESSFN (European Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery Society)

 • Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders Surgery Society

 • Deep Brain Stimulation Society 

• International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society 

• Leksell Gamma Knife Society 

• EANS (European Association of Neurosurgical Societies) 

• Turkish Neurosurgical Society

• Turkish Skull Base Society

Sample Publications: 

1. Tonge M. Technological developments in electric based DBS. Deep Brain Stimulation 2024 4(36-41) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdbs.2023.12.001 

2. Akgul E, Onan HB, Islek I, Tonge M, Durmus Y, Barburoglu M, Azizova A, Erol C, Hakyemez B, Sencer S, Aydin K, Arat A. Flow diverter stents in the treatment of recanalized intracranial aneurysms. Interv Neuroradiol. 2021 Aug;27(4):481-489. doi: 10.1177/1591019921990507. Epub 2021 Jan 28. PMID: 33509011; PMCID: PMC8580529. 

3. Mulders AEP, Temel Y, Tonge M, Schaper FLWVJ, van Kranen-Mastenbroek V,Ackermans L, Kubben P, Janssen MLF, Duits A. The association between surgical characteristics and cognitive decline following deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2021 Jan;200:106341. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106341. Epub 2020 Nov 3. PMID: 33160716. 

4. Wetzelaer P, Vlis T, Tonge M, Ackermans L, Kubben P, Evers S, Kocabicak E, Temel Y. Management of Hardware Related Infections after DBS Surgery: A Cost Analysis. Turk Neurosurg. 2018;28(6):929- 933. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.21511-17.1. PMID: 29465741. 

5. Bedirli N, Emmez G, Ünal Y, Tönge M, Emmez H. Effects of positive end- expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure during pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg position in a porcine mode. Turk J Med Sci. 2017 Nov 13;47(5):1610-1615. doi: 10.3906/sag-1609-17. PMID: 29152942. 

6. Sari R, Tonge M, Bolukbasi FH, Onoz M, Baskan O, Silav G, Elmaci I. Management of Failed Cranioplasty. Turk Neurosurg. 2017;27(2):201-207. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.15395-15.0. PMID: 27593759. 

7. Tonge M, Kocabicak E, Ackermans L, Kuijf M, Temel Y. Final Electrode Position in Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery: A Comparison of Indirect and Direct Targeting Methods. Turk Neurosurg. 2016;26(6):900-903. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.13739-14.1. PMID: 27337232. 

8. Tonge M, Ackermans L, Kocabicak E, van Kranen-Mastenbroek V, Kuijf M, Oosterloo M, Kubben P, Temel Y. A detailed analysis of intracerebral hemorrhages in DBS surgeries. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2015 Dec;139:183-7. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2015.10.017. Epub 2015 Oct 23. PMID: 26513430. 

9. Silav G, Bölükbaşı FH, Özek E, Tönge M, Önöz M, Elmacı İ. A Simple Technique for Bone Storage after Decompressive Craniectomy in Children. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2015;50(3):161-4. doi: 10.1159/000381748. Epub 2015 May 14. PMID: 25998533. 

10. Yilmaz MB, Donmez H, Tonge M, Senol S, Tekiner A. Vertebrojugular arteriovenous fistula and pseudoaneurysm formation due to penetrating vertebral artery injury: case report and review of the literature. Turk Neurosurg. 2015;25(1):141-5. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.8247-13.1. PMID: 25640560. 

11. Kurt G, Tönge M, Çeltıkçı E, Çapraz I, Serdaroğlu A, Bılır E. Surgery for intractable temporal lobe epilepsy: experience of a single institution. Turk J Med Sci. 2014;44(5):866-70. doi: 10.3906/sag-1307- 30. PMID: 25539559. 

12. Yılmaz MB, Tönge M, Emmez H, Kaymaz F, Kaymaz M. Neuroprotective effects of quetiapine on neuronal apoptosis following experimental transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2013 Jul;54(1):1-7. doi: 10.3340/jkns.2013.54.1.1. Epub 2013 Jul 31. PMID: 24044072; PMCID: PMC3772279. 

13. Yilmaz MB, Egemen E, Tonge M, Kaymaz M. Transoral protrusion of a peritoneal catheter due to gastric perforation 10 years after a ventriculoperitoneal shunting: case report and review of the literature. Turk Neurosurg. 2013;23(2):285-8. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.4904-11.1. PMID: 23546921. 

14. Omerhodzic I, Tonge M, Matos B, Musabeliu E, Raspanti C, Ferdinandov D, Galimova R, Muroi C, Balik V, Kursumovic A. Neurosurgical training programme in selected European countries: from the young neurosurgeons' point of view. Turk Neurosurg. 2012;22(3):286-93. doi: 10.5137/1019- 5149.JTN.5133-11.0. PMID: 22664994. 

15. Ergun E, Kurt G, Tonge M, Aytar H, Tas M, Baykaner K, Ceviker N. Effects of phenytoin sodium on dura mater healing in a rat model of CSF leakage. Turk Neurosurg. 2011;21(4):471-6. PMID: 22194102. 

16. Emmez H, Tonge M, Tokgoz N, Durdag E, Gonul I, Cevıker N. Radiological and histopathological comparison of microporous polysaccharide hemospheres and oxidized regenerated cellulose in the rabbit brain: a study of efficacy and safety. Turk Neurosurg. 2010 Oct;20(4):485-91. doi: 10.5137/1019- 5149.JTN.3300-10.2. PMID: 20963698. 

17. Emmez H, Yildirim Z, Kale A, Tönge M, Durdağ E, Börcek AO, Uçankuş LN, Doğulu F, Kiliç N, Baykaner MK. Anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of α-lipoic acid on spinal cord ischemiareperfusion injury in rabbits. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2010 Sep;152(9):1591-600; discussion 1600-1. doi: 10.1007/s00701-010-0703-9. Epub 2010 Jun 10. PMID: 20535507. 

18. Kurt G, Tonge M, Börcek AO, Karahacioglu E, Gurel O, Baykaner K, Ceviker N, Aykol S. Fractionated gamma knife radiosurgery for optic nerve tumors: a technical report. Turk Neurosurg. 2010 Apr;20(2):241-6. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.1681-09.3. PMID: 20401852. 

19. Emmez H, Kale A, Tönge M, Cakir A, Ceviker N. Two meningiomas with different histological grades in the same patient. Case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2010;50(8):686-8. doi: 10.2176/nmc.50.686. PMID: 20805656.

Education and Specialization:

• Medical Degree: Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine (1991-1998)
• Specialization in Neurosurgery: Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine (1999-2005)
• Associate Professorship: (2015)
• Professorship: (2020)

Professional Experience:

• 2007-2008: Ankara GATA
• 2009-2011: Özel Ordu Medical Park Hospital
• 2011-2013: Ankara Keçiören Training and Research Hospital
• 2013-2015: Giresun University Faculty of Medicine
• 2014: Clinical Observer at Helsinki University Central Hospital
• 2015-2023: Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine
• Current Position: Neurosurgeon at VM Medical Park Pendik Hospital

Areas of Expertise:

• Brain Aneurysm and Repair
• Brain Tumor/Cancer Surgery
• Spinal Canal Stenosis Surgery
• Lumbar and Cervical Disc Herniation
• Spinal Cord Surgery
• Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery
• Pediatric Neurosurgery
• Congenital Anomalies

Research and Publications: Prof. Dr. Arslan has numerous publications in prestigious journals, covering topics such as the treatment of brain and spinal tumors, innovative neurosurgical techniques, and outcomes of neurosurgical interventions. His work includes studies on brain ischemia/reperfusion injury, spinal cord ischemia, and various other neurosurgical conditions.

Professional Memberships:

• Turkish Neurosurgery Association
• Turkish Society of Neurological Surgery

2002-2007 Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine Department of Brain and Nerve Surgery

1988-1995 Trakya University Faculty of Medicine

2015- Atlas University Medicine Hospital

2014-2015 Private Pendik Yüzyıl Hospital Brain and Neurosurgery Clinic

2009-2014 Medicine Hospital Brain and Neurosurgery Clinic

2009-2009 Nisa Hospital Brain and Neurosurgery Clinic

2007-2009 Mardin State Hospital Brain and Neurosurgery Clinic

2002-2007 Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine Brain and Neurosurgery

1997-2001 Enez Health Center and Enez State Hospital

Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar Disc Surgery (endoscopic/microsurgery)

Far lateral (non-canal) lumbar disc surgery (lateral microsurgical approach)

Neurovascular surgery

Cerebrovascular diseases (vascular diseases of the brain)

Aneurysms

Arteriovenous malformations

Cavernomas

Neuro-oncological surgery

Brain tumors

Glial tumors

Meningiomas

Pituitary gland tumors

Metastatic brain tumors

Skull base tumors

Pontocerebellar angle tumors

Pineal tumors

Intraventricular tumors

Spinal disease surgery

Cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine fractures

Spine and spinal cord tumors

Scoliosis

Degenerative spine diseases

Peripheral nerve disease surgery

Peripheral nerve tumors

Entrapment neuropathies

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Ulnar groove syndrome

Tarsal tunnel syndrome

Functional neurosurgery and pain surgery

Trigeminal neuralgia

Microvascular decompression

Epilepsy surgery

Spasticity surgery

Epiduroscopic interventions

Hydrocephalus surgeries

Endoscopic 3rd ventriculostomy

VP shunt surgeries

LP shunt surgeries

Developmental anomalies

Meningomyelocele

Tethered cord syndrome

Arachnoid cyst

Craniosynostosis surgeries

Chiari malformation

Head trauma

Subdural hematomas

Intracerebral hematomas

Article published in internationally refereed journals

Cansever T, Civelek E, Sencer A, Karasu A, Kiris T, Hepgül K, Can H, Canbolat A: Spinal cavernous malformations: a report of 5 cases. Surg Neurol Jun 69 

Effects of combined and individual use of N-methyl-D aspartate receptor antagonist magnesium sulphate and caspase-9 inhibitor z-LEDH-fmk experimental spinal cord injury. A.Sencer, A.Aydoseli, Y.Aras, M.Osman Akçakaya, C.Gömleksiz, H.Can, A.Canbolat. Turkısh Joumal of Trauma&Emergency Surgery 2013

Aydoseli A, Can H, Aras Y, Sabanci PA, Akcakaya MO, Unal OF. Memantine and Q-VD-OPh Treatments in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury: Combined Inhibition of Necrosis and Apoptosis. Turk Neurosurg. 2016

Can H, Kircelli A, Kavadar G, Civelek E, Cansever T, Aydoseli A, Onal MB, Yilmaz C. Lumbosacral Conjoined Root Anomaly: Anatomical Considerations of Exiting Angles and Root Thickness. Turk Neurosurg. 2017

Kırcelli A, Özel Ö, Can H, Sarı R, Cansever T, Elmacı İ. Is the presence of linear fracture a predictor of delayed posterior fossa epidural hematoma? Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2016 Jul

Kavadar G, Demircioğlu DT, Can H, Emre TY, Civelek E, Senyigit A. The clinical factors associated with benefit finding of complementary medicine use in patients with back pain: A cross-sectional study with cluster analysis. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2017

Ozer AF, Suzer T, Can H, Falsafi M, Aydin M, Sasani M, Oktenoglu T. Anatomic Assessment of Variations in Kambin’s Triangle: A Surgical and Cadaver Study. World Neurosurg. 2017 Apr

Can H, Aydoseli A, Gömleksiz C, Göker B, Altunrende ME, Dolgun M, Sencer A. Combined and individual use of pancaspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh and NMDA receptor antagonist riluzole in experimental spinal cord injury. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2017

Gomleksiz C, Erbulut DU, Can H, Kodigudla MK, Kelkar AV, Kasapoglu E, Ozer AF, Goel VK. A new lumbar fixation device alternative to pedicle-based stabilization for lumbar spine: In vitro cadaver investigation. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018 Jul 16:1-8.

Aydoseli A, Özgen U, Akgül T, Orhan EK, Adıyaman AE, Can H, Karadağ C. Subacute Traumatic Ascending Myelopathy in a 28-year-old man: A rare case. World Neurosurg. 2019 Apr 28

Article published in national refereed journals

1) Intracranial Hemangioblastomas: Clinical Evaluation of 32 Patients T. Cansever, A. Karasu, K. Hepgül, H. Can, A. Sencer Turkish Neurosurgical Journal 2007, Volume:17 

2) Halil Can, Müge Dolgun, Utku Özgen, Cengiz Gömleksiz, Furkan Diren, Aydın Aydoseli, Yavuz Aras, Altay Sencer. Microsurgical Results in Vestibular Schwannoma Patients; Retrospective Clinical Study. JAREM 2019

3) Furkan Diren , Özcan Gayretli , Halil Can , İlke Ali Gürses , Orhan Barlas. Examination of Pons-Cerebellum Cisterna Anatomy with Endoscopic Retrosigmoid Suboccipital Approach: Cadaver Study. JAREM 2019