Best Doctors in Italy — Get an Online Consultation

Content meets the Bookimed Editorial Policy and is medically reviewed by
Fahad Mawlood - General practitioner. Winner of 4 scientific awards. Served in Western Asia. Former Team Leader of a medical team supporting Arabic-speaking patients. Now responsible for data processing and medical content accuracy.
Massimo Falconi
4.5
59 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Raffaele

Professor Massimo Falconi is a gastrointestinal oncologist with over 30 years of experience specializing in pancreatic diseases. He practices at Ospedale San Raffaele in Milan and has led 3,600 surgeries, including distal, total, middle pancreatectomies , pancreatic resections, and enucleations. He is the Director of the Pancreatic Surgery and the Pancreas Translational and Clinical Unit at IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele with international experience in Japan, Spain, Germany, and Sweden. Prof. Falconi has written over 330 articles and taken part in 350+ Italian and 220+ international conferences, and is a member of several organizations.

Read more

Professor Massimo Falconi is a gastrointestinal oncologist with over 30 years of experience specializing in pancreatic diseases. He practices at Ospedale San Raffaele in Milan and has led 3,600 surgeries, including distal, total, middle pancreatectomies , pancreatic resections, and enucleations. He is the Director of the Pancreatic Surgery and the Pancreas Translational and Clinical Unit at IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele with international experience in Japan, Spain, Germany, and Sweden. Prof. Falconi has written over 330 articles and taken part in 350+ Italian and 220+ international conferences, and is a member of several organizations.

Read more
4.5
59 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Bone marrow transplantation $166682.29
Gastric bypass $9375.88
Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
More treatments
Oreste Gentilini
25 years of experience
4.5
59 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Raffaele

Oreste Gentilini

25 years of experience

Doctor Oreste Gentilini is an Italian specialist in breast cancer treatment with over 20 years of experience, providing over 5,000 breast cancer surgeries. He is the head of the Breast Unit in San Raffaele Hospital and the SOUND study at the European Institute of Oncology of Milan. He has authored over 100 papers on breast tumors treatment, with a focus on breast cancer management in young women and pregnant patients. He is a founding member and Vice President of EU-BREAST, and a member of the board of directors of the Italian National Association of Senologists and Surgeons (ANISC).

Read more

Doctor Oreste Gentilini is an Italian specialist in breast cancer treatment with over 20 years of experience, providing over 5,000 breast cancer surgeries. He is the head of the Breast Unit in San Raffaele Hospital and the SOUND study at the European Institute of Oncology of Milan. He has authored over 100 papers on breast tumors treatment, with a focus on breast cancer management in young women and pregnant patients. He is a founding member and Vice President of EU-BREAST, and a member of the board of directors of the Italian National Association of Senologists and Surgeons (ANISC).

Read more
4.5
59 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Bone marrow transplantation $166682.29
Gastric bypass $9375.88
Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
More treatments
Carlo Pappone
4.8
39 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Donato Hospital

Prof. Carlo Pappone is the Head of the Operative Unit of Clinical Arithmology and the Electrophysiology Laboratory at IRCCS Policlinico San Donato in Milan and an experienced Fellow in numerous international cardiology societies. He has a specialization in Cardiology from 1990 and a PhD in Cardiovascular Diseases from 1995, and has been involved in all electrophysiology procedures. He has also developed a new epicardial ablation procedure to identify and eliminate the mechanisms that trigger sudden death in Brugada syndrome patients. He has been an invited speaker and moderator at major national and international congresses in the field of cardiology and arrhythmology, and has a total of 184 scientific articles, 30 book chapters and 184 papers with 16,814 citations and an H-Index of 50. He is also a reviewer of numerous journals and has won an Elite Reviewer Award from the Editorial Board of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC) in 2006.

Read more

Prof. Carlo Pappone is the Head of the Operative Unit of Clinical Arithmology and the Electrophysiology Laboratory at IRCCS Policlinico San Donato in Milan and an experienced Fellow in numerous international cardiology societies. He has a specialization in Cardiology from 1990 and a PhD in Cardiovascular Diseases from 1995, and has been involved in all electrophysiology procedures. He has also developed a new epicardial ablation procedure to identify and eliminate the mechanisms that trigger sudden death in Brugada syndrome patients. He has been an invited speaker and moderator at major national and international congresses in the field of cardiology and arrhythmology, and has a total of 184 scientific articles, 30 book chapters and 184 papers with 16,814 citations and an H-Index of 50. He is also a reviewer of numerous journals and has won an Elite Reviewer Award from the Editorial Board of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC) in 2006.

Read more
4.8
39 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Childbirth $6250.59 - $25002.34
Radiofrequency ablation $18855.93
Gastric sleeve surgery (Sleeve gastrectomy) $9375.88
More treatments
Jacopo Peccatori
27 years of experience
4.5
59 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Raffaele

Jacopo Peccatori

27 years of experience

Dr. Jacopo Peccatori is the Head of Bone Marrow Transplant Department in San Raffaele Scientific Institute and one of the top lymphoma doctors. He has been in this position since 2006 and has written over 70 studies on allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, acute leukemia, and multiple myeloma. He has a degree in general medicine from the University of Milan and specialties in internal medicine and haematology and is a member of The European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation and The Italian Group for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Therapies.

Read more

Dr. Jacopo Peccatori is the Head of Bone Marrow Transplant Department in San Raffaele Scientific Institute and one of the top lymphoma doctors. He has been in this position since 2006 and has written over 70 studies on allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, acute leukemia, and multiple myeloma. He has a degree in general medicine from the University of Milan and specialties in internal medicine and haematology and is a member of The European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation and The Italian Group for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Therapies.

Read more
4.5
59 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Bone marrow transplantation $166682.29
Gastric bypass $9375.88
Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
More treatments
Fabio Ciceri
34 years of experience
4.5
59 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Raffaele

Fabio Ciceri

34 years of experience

Professor Fabio Ciceri is the Head of the Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit at San Raffaele Research Hospital and the Blood Transfusion Centre. He has over 180 papers published and has held various Medical and Teaching positions since 1989. He is a member of multiple organizations related to Hematology and was awarded a Merit Recognition Award at the University of Ferrara. He is a Principal Investigator in Cell and Gene Therapy clinical trials for haematological cancers, immune-deficiencies, and neuromuscular disorder.

Read more

Professor Fabio Ciceri is the Head of the Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit at San Raffaele Research Hospital and the Blood Transfusion Centre. He has over 180 papers published and has held various Medical and Teaching positions since 1989. He is a member of multiple organizations related to Hematology and was awarded a Merit Recognition Award at the University of Ferrara. He is a Principal Investigator in Cell and Gene Therapy clinical trials for haematological cancers, immune-deficiencies, and neuromuscular disorder.

Read more
4.5
59 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Bone marrow transplantation $166682.29
Gastric bypass $9375.88
Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
More treatments
Bianchini Giampaolo
19 years of experience
4.5
59 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Raffaele

Bianchini Giampaolo

19 years of experience
Doctor Giampaolo Bianchini is a medical oncologist with 15 years of clinical experience in breast cancer treatment. He has been a co-investigator in over 100 clinical trials and is the Head of the Breast Cancer Group and the clinical translational and immunotherapy research group at the Ospedale San Raffaele in Milan. He has a degree in general medicine and surgery and a specialization in medical oncology and has published over 45 papers on breast cancer.Read more
Doctor Giampaolo Bianchini is a medical oncologist with 15 years of clinical experience in breast cancer treatment. He has been a co-investigator in over 100 clinical trials and is the Head of the Breast Cancer Group and the clinical translational and immunotherapy research group at the Ospedale San Raffaele in Milan. He has a degree in general medicine and surgery and a specialization in medical oncology and has published over 45 papers on breast cancer.
Read more
4.5
59 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Bone marrow transplantation $166682.29
Gastric bypass $9375.88
Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
More treatments
Francesco Montorsi
32 years of experience
4.5
59 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Raffaele

Francesco Montorsi

32 years of experience

Prof. Montorsi is one of the top Italian experts in Urology and Andrology, with numerous scientific awards and 8,000+ urology/andrology surgeries. He directs the Urological Research Institute (URI) in Italy, is recognized among the most influential researchers of the past decade, and has developed his vein patching method to correct occlusive vein dysfunction. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and has written over 1,000 papers. He is a member of various medical organizations.

Read more

Prof. Montorsi is one of the top Italian experts in Urology and Andrology, with numerous scientific awards and 8,000+ urology/andrology surgeries. He directs the Urological Research Institute (URI) in Italy, is recognized among the most influential researchers of the past decade, and has developed his vein patching method to correct occlusive vein dysfunction. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and has written over 1,000 papers. He is a member of various medical organizations.

Read more
4.5
59 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Bone marrow transplantation $166682.29
Gastric bypass $9375.88
Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
More treatments
Pietro Mortini
4.5
59 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Raffaele

Professor Pietro Mortini MD is a highly experienced Italian neurosurgeon who specializes in neuro- and radiosurgeries with a focus on minimally invasive spine and brain operations. He is a Visiting Professor at the George Washington University, has a degree in Otorhinolaryngology and Neurosurgery from the University of Milan and University of Verona, and has patented a method of manufacturing a device for regenerating biological tissues. He also provides research in microsurgical therapy of pituitary adenomas and radiosurgery for uveal melanoma and is a member of the Italian Society of the Cranial Base.

Read more

Professor Pietro Mortini MD is a highly experienced Italian neurosurgeon who specializes in neuro- and radiosurgeries with a focus on minimally invasive spine and brain operations. He is a Visiting Professor at the George Washington University, has a degree in Otorhinolaryngology and Neurosurgery from the University of Milan and University of Verona, and has patented a method of manufacturing a device for regenerating biological tissues. He also provides research in microsurgical therapy of pituitary adenomas and radiosurgery for uveal melanoma and is a member of the Italian Society of the Cranial Base.

Read more
4.5
59 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Bone marrow transplantation $166682.29
Gastric bypass $9375.88
Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
More treatments
Francesco Bandello
40 years of experience
4.5
59 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Raffaele

Francesco Bandello

40 years of experience
Dr. Francesco Bandello is a distinguished ophthalmologist, known for his extensive research and contributions in the field of retinal diseases. He has authored numerous articles and books, and has been honored with several awards for his outstanding work. He has been a principal investigator in multiple clinical trials and is actively involved in various professional organizations.Read more
Dr. Francesco Bandello is a distinguished ophthalmologist, known for his extensive research and contributions in the field of retinal diseases. He has authored numerous articles and books, and has been honored with several awards for his outstanding work. He has been a principal investigator in multiple clinical trials and is actively involved in various professional organizations.
Read more
4.5
59 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Bone marrow transplantation $166682.29
Gastric bypass $9375.88
Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
More treatments
Roberto Chiesa
4.5
59 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Raffaele
Dr. Roberto Chiesa is a renowned vascular surgeon specializing in thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic surgery, endovascular treatments, and the management of vascular graft infections. He has made significant contributions to the field through his research and development of surgical techniques. His professional memberships include several Italian and international vascular surgery societies. He has also served as president of the French Vascular Surgery Society and the Italian Vascular Surgery Society.Read more
Dr. Roberto Chiesa is a renowned vascular surgeon specializing in thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic surgery, endovascular treatments, and the management of vascular graft infections. He has made significant contributions to the field through his research and development of surgical techniques. His professional memberships include several Italian and international vascular surgery societies. He has also served as president of the French Vascular Surgery Society and the Italian Vascular Surgery Society.
Read more
4.5
59 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Bone marrow transplantation $166682.29
Gastric bypass $9375.88
Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
More treatments
Luca Aldrighetti
32 years of experience
4.5
59 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Raffaele

Luca Aldrighetti

32 years of experience

Doctor Luca Aldrighetti is a highly experienced hepatobiliary surgeon and the Head of the Hepatobiliary and General Surgery Division at the San Raffaele Research Hospital in Milan. He is an international pioneer of minimally invasive liver surgery, having initiated and developed the San Raffaele laparoscopic liver resection program with more than 1,000 cases to date. He has a PhD in Technological Applications and Experimental Methodologies, is Professor at the Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and the IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, and is a member of 18 national and international scientific societies.

Read more

Doctor Luca Aldrighetti is a highly experienced hepatobiliary surgeon and the Head of the Hepatobiliary and General Surgery Division at the San Raffaele Research Hospital in Milan. He is an international pioneer of minimally invasive liver surgery, having initiated and developed the San Raffaele laparoscopic liver resection program with more than 1,000 cases to date. He has a PhD in Technological Applications and Experimental Methodologies, is Professor at the Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and the IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, and is a member of 18 national and international scientific societies.

Read more
4.5
59 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Bone marrow transplantation $166682.29
Gastric bypass $9375.88
Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
More treatments
Ottavio Alfieri
44 years of experience
4.5
59 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Raffaele

Ottavio Alfieri

44 years of experience

Dr. Ottavio Alfieri is an award-winning heart surgeon with over 15 years of experience in cardiac surgery, performing more than 15,000 cardiac procedures. He is the author of over 600 peer-reviewed articles and several books devoted to cardiac surgery, and is the developer of the "Alfieri Mitral Repair" technique. He has been awarded numerous honors, including the 'Ambrogino d'Oro' and the gold medal from the European Cardiology Society for his contributions to the field. He is a member of the European Society of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, the European Society of Cardiology, and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery.

Read more

Dr. Ottavio Alfieri is an award-winning heart surgeon with over 15 years of experience in cardiac surgery, performing more than 15,000 cardiac procedures. He is the author of over 600 peer-reviewed articles and several books devoted to cardiac surgery, and is the developer of the "Alfieri Mitral Repair" technique. He has been awarded numerous honors, including the 'Ambrogino d'Oro' and the gold medal from the European Cardiology Society for his contributions to the field. He is a member of the European Society of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, the European Society of Cardiology, and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery.

Read more
4.5
59 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Bone marrow transplantation $166682.29
Gastric bypass $9375.88
Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
More treatments
Alberto Margonato
4.5
59 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Raffaele
Prof. Alberto Margonato is a highly experienced cardiologist and professor who has performed over 3,000 cardiac catheterizations, coronary angiographies, pacemaker implants, and coronary angioplasties. He is a member of the European Society of Cardiology.Read more
Prof. Alberto Margonato is a highly experienced cardiologist and professor who has performed over 3,000 cardiac catheterizations, coronary angiographies, pacemaker implants, and coronary angioplasties. He is a member of the European Society of Cardiology.
Read more
4.5
59 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Bone marrow transplantation $166682.29
Gastric bypass $9375.88
Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
More treatments
Riccardo Rosati
39 years of experience
4.5
59 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Raffaele

Riccardo Rosati

39 years of experience

Professor Riccardo Rosati is the Head of the Gastrointestinal Surgery (GI) Department at the San Raffaele Research Hospital in Milan, Italy. He is a highly experienced surgeon with over 30 years of experience, having completed medical degrees in general medicine and general surgery, as well as specialization in thoracic surgery. He is a member of multiple surgical associations, and has written over 300 publications. His department treats approximately 2,000 surgical cases per year.

Read more

Professor Riccardo Rosati is the Head of the Gastrointestinal Surgery (GI) Department at the San Raffaele Research Hospital in Milan, Italy. He is a highly experienced surgeon with over 30 years of experience, having completed medical degrees in general medicine and general surgery, as well as specialization in thoracic surgery. He is a member of multiple surgical associations, and has written over 300 publications. His department treats approximately 2,000 surgical cases per year.

Read more
4.5
59 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Bone marrow transplantation $166682.29
Gastric bypass $9375.88
Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
More treatments
Giampiero Negri
4.5
59 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Raffaele

Associate Professor of Thoracic Surgery with European Board qualifications. Head of mini-invasive thoracic surgery unit, specializing in the treatment of lung and pleural diseases and mediastinal disorders. Member of Italian Society of Thoracic Surgery and Thoracic Endoscopy, as well as author of a monograph and over 200 scientific publications.

Read more

Associate Professor of Thoracic Surgery with European Board qualifications. Head of mini-invasive thoracic surgery unit, specializing in the treatment of lung and pleural diseases and mediastinal disorders. Member of Italian Society of Thoracic Surgery and Thoracic Endoscopy, as well as author of a monograph and over 200 scientific publications.

Read more
4.5
59 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Bone marrow transplantation $166682.29
Gastric bypass $9375.88
Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
More treatments
Alessandro Aiuti
27 years of experience
4.5
59 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Raffaele

Alessandro Aiuti

27 years of experience
Doctor Alessandro Aiuti is the Head of the Pediatric Immunohematology Unit at the San Raffaele Research Hospital in Milan. He has a degree in Hematology from the University of Milan, a PhD in Molecular and Cell Biology from the University of Rome, and is a University Professor and researcher in Hematology, Immunology and Pediatrics. He has conducted numerous clinical research and trials in gene therapy in cooperation with various organizations, and has received several awards for his research.Read more
Doctor Alessandro Aiuti is the Head of the Pediatric Immunohematology Unit at the San Raffaele Research Hospital in Milan. He has a degree in Hematology from the University of Milan, a PhD in Molecular and Cell Biology from the University of Rome, and is a University Professor and researcher in Hematology, Immunology and Pediatrics. He has conducted numerous clinical research and trials in gene therapy in cooperation with various organizations, and has received several awards for his research.
Read more
4.5
59 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Bone marrow transplantation $166682.29
Gastric bypass $9375.88
Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
More treatments
Giorgia Mangili
32 years of experience
4.5
59 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Raffaele

Giorgia Mangili

32 years of experience

Dr. Giorgia Mangili is the Head of the Medical Gynecological Oncology Group at the San Raffaele Scientific Institute Hospital since 2002. She has a degree in general medicine and specialties in gynecology and obstetrics, oncology, and is an Associate and Professor in obstetrics and gynecology. She focuses her work on gynaecological oncology, rare gynaecological tumours, preservation of fertility in oncology and cancer and pregnancy. She is a member of the European Organisation for Treatment of Trophoblastic Diseases, the European Society of Gynaecological Oncology, and the Italian Society of Gynecologic Oncology.

Read more

Dr. Giorgia Mangili is the Head of the Medical Gynecological Oncology Group at the San Raffaele Scientific Institute Hospital since 2002. She has a degree in general medicine and specialties in gynecology and obstetrics, oncology, and is an Associate and Professor in obstetrics and gynecology. She focuses her work on gynaecological oncology, rare gynaecological tumours, preservation of fertility in oncology and cancer and pregnancy. She is a member of the European Organisation for Treatment of Trophoblastic Diseases, the European Society of Gynaecological Oncology, and the Italian Society of Gynecologic Oncology.

Read more
4.5
59 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Bone marrow transplantation $166682.29
Gastric bypass $9375.88
Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
More treatments
Maria Doria
23 years of experience
4.8
39 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Donato Hospital

Maria Doria

23 years of experience

She performs interventions for the establishment of distal arteriovenous fistulas in collaboration with the vascular surgeon and autonomously performs procedures of tunneled CVC placements for the execution of the dialysis treatment.

Collaborates with intensive care units and coronary arteries for continuous dialysis treatments (CRRT) in patients with acute renal failure and chronic dialysis patients.

She manages the Centre of clinical nephrology and dialysis at San Donato Hospital with particular interest in conservative therapy and pre-dialysis.

Read more

She performs interventions for the establishment of distal arteriovenous fistulas in collaboration with the vascular surgeon and autonomously performs procedures of tunneled CVC placements for the execution of the dialysis treatment.

Collaborates with intensive care units and coronary arteries for continuous dialysis treatments (CRRT) in patients with acute renal failure and chronic dialysis patients.

She manages the Centre of clinical nephrology and dialysis at San Donato Hospital with particular interest in conservative therapy and pre-dialysis.

Read more
4.8
39 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Childbirth $6250.59 - $25002.34
Radiofrequency ablation $18855.93
Gastric sleeve surgery (Sleeve gastrectomy) $9375.88
More treatments
Nadia Di Muzio
31 years of experience
4.5
59 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Raffaele

Nadia Di Muzio

31 years of experience

Professor Nadia Di Muzio is a Head of the Radiotherapy Department in the San Raffaele Research Hospital in Milan since 2008. She has a degree in general medicine and surgery and specialty in oncological radiotherapy from the University of Milan and has done an internship at the Department of Radiation Oncology in the University of Madison. Professor Di Muzio is an author of 200 studies in radiation oncology research and an advocate of high-precision hypofraction methods in the radical treatment of prostate tumors. She currently holds positions in the Italian Association of Medical Oncology, the Italian Society of Oncological Urology and the European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology.

Read more

Professor Nadia Di Muzio is a Head of the Radiotherapy Department in the San Raffaele Research Hospital in Milan since 2008. She has a degree in general medicine and surgery and specialty in oncological radiotherapy from the University of Milan and has done an internship at the Department of Radiation Oncology in the University of Madison. Professor Di Muzio is an author of 200 studies in radiation oncology research and an advocate of high-precision hypofraction methods in the radical treatment of prostate tumors. She currently holds positions in the Italian Association of Medical Oncology, the Italian Society of Oncological Urology and the European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology.

Read more
4.5
59 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Bone marrow transplantation $166682.29
Gastric bypass $9375.88
Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
More treatments
Giovanni Nano
29 years of experience
4.8
39 reviews
Italy, Milan
San Donato Hospital

Giovanni Nano

29 years of experience
Prof. Dr. Giovanni Nano is a renowned vascular surgeon with over 25 years of experience, specializing in cardiovascular diseases, vascular and endovascular surgery, and angiology. He is recognized as one of the first doctors in Italy to treat endovascular aneurysms. His professional expertise also includes handling cases related to aortic aneurysms, stent placement, and carotid artery disease.Read more
Prof. Dr. Giovanni Nano is a renowned vascular surgeon with over 25 years of experience, specializing in cardiovascular diseases, vascular and endovascular surgery, and angiology. He is recognized as one of the first doctors in Italy to treat endovascular aneurysms. His professional expertise also includes handling cases related to aortic aneurysms, stent placement, and carotid artery disease.
Read more
4.8
39 reviews
Doctor's visit price on request
Childbirth $6250.59 - $25002.34
Radiofrequency ablation $18855.93
Gastric sleeve surgery (Sleeve gastrectomy) $9375.88
More treatments
This page may feature information relating to various medical conditions, treatments, and healthcare services available in different countries. Please be advised that the content is provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as medical advice or guidance. Please consult with your doctor or a qualified medical professional before starting or changing medical treatment.