The #1 Medical Tourism Platform since 2014

Best Hiatal hernia repair surgeons: TOP 64 doctors

author
Content meets the Bookimed Editorial Policy and is medically reviewed by
Fahad Mawlood - General practitioner. Winner of 4 scientific awards. Served in Western Asia. Former Team Leader of a medical team supporting Arabic-speaking patients. Now responsible for data processing and medical content accuracy.
image
Ibrahim Aliosmanoglu
Surgical oncologist
21 years of experience
Turkey, Antalya
Medical Park Antalya Hospital Complex

Ibrahim Aliosmanoglu

Surgical oncologist
21 years of experience

Name-Surname: İbrahim Aliosmanoğlu 

DOB: 08.02.1979 

EDUCATION Degree Dept Univercity Year MD Medicine Uludağ Unv.Faculty of Medicine 

1996-2002 Residency programe General Surgery Başkent Unv.Faculty of Medicine 2003-2008 

POST-GRADUATE TRAINING Op.Dr. Surgeon in Şanlıurfa Training and Research Hospital 

2009-2010 Assistant Profesor Dicle Unv.Faculty Of Medicine General Surgery Dept 2010-2013 Associate Profesor Akdeniz Unv.Faculty Of Medicine General Surgery Dept 

2013-2014 Associate Profesor Akdeniz Unv.Faculty Of Medicine General Surgery Dept 

2014-2016 Professor Medicalpark Hospital Complex Organ Transplantation Unit 2019- He has performed over 2000 various hepatobiliary surgeries with %95 success ratio and 1000 liver transplantation surgeries with %90 success ratio 

ROJECTS 1. Effect of ellagic aside on experimental intraabdominal addsions on rats,Research Project, Dicle Unv Scientific Research Project (2012/38), 2012. 

2. Effect of erythropoetinon serum and liver zinc-copper levels on rats experimental obstructive jaundice. Research Project, Dicle Unv Scientific Research Project (2011/42), 2011. 

3.The protective effect of cafeic asside phenyl ester on rats pancreatic an hepatic damage due to izoniazide and riphampicine.Research project Dicle Unv Scientific Research Project (2010/26), 2010. 

MANAGEMENT İSSUES 

Responsible of Kidney Transplantation of Dicle Unv Hospitals– 2011 Responsible of Akdeniz University Hospital Hastanesi Liver-Kidney-Pancreas Transplantation Unit (2015) Manager of Akdeniz University Hospital Hastanesi Liver-Kidney-Pancreas Transplantation Unit (2015) 

 

Read more
image
Xavier Centeno Fornies
Colorectal surgeon
30 years of experience
4.7
403 reviews

Xavier Centeno Fornies

Colorectal surgeon
30 years of experience
Spain, Barcelona
Centro Médico Teknon
image
Ron Greenberg
Colorectal surgeon
33 years of experience
4.4
139 reviews
Israel, Tel Aviv
Sourasky Medical Center (Ichilov)

Ron Greenberg

Colorectal surgeon
33 years of experience
Dr. Ron Greenberg is an experienced abdominal surgeon with over 20 years of experience, specializing in open and minimally invasive and Whipple surgery. He is the Head of the Colorectal Surgery Department at Sourasky Medical Center.Read more
image
Murat Cakar
Pediatric surgeon
14 years of experience
4.7
39 reviews
Turkey, Istanbul
Valued Med Hub Hospitals

Murat Cakar

Pediatric surgeon
14 years of experience

Education and Specialization

Republic University Faculty of Medicine

Republic University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Surgery Specialization - Expertise

 

Experience

Karabük Women's and Children's Hospital Pediatric Surgery Clinic (Specialist Doctor)

Karabük State Hospital Pediatric Surgery Clinic (Specialist Doctor)

Karabük University Faculty of Medicine Training and Research Hospital Pediatric Surgery Department (University Lecturer)

 

Professional Memberships

Pediatric Surgery Association

Pediatric Urology Association

 

Courses and Certificates

Presentation Techniques Course, 2018 Istanbul

Neuromarketing Course, 2018 Istanbul

IMS Data Training Course, 2018 Istanbul

Incontinence Course, 2017 Antalya

Cerebral Palsy Children's Symposium, 2013, Karabük

Doubtful Genital Structure Meeting in Child, 2012, Karabük

Workshop International Hypospadias, 2012, Istanbul

Abdominal and Colorectal Surgery in Children, 2010, Istanbul

Current Approaches to Lower Urinary System Diseases Symposium, 2009, Kırıkkale

Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Symposium in Children, 2009, Malatya

Basic Intensive Care Training Course, 2009, Sivas

Protective Child Health Nutrition and Alternative Medicine Applications Symposium, 2008, Kırıkkale

Newborn Resuscitation Program, 2007, Sivas

Thorax Course in Children, 2007, Çeşme

Read more
Choosing Right Doctor and Clinic: Insider Tips
When selecting a doctor or clinic, keep these key points in mind:
Check credentials
Verify certifications from bodies like ISAPS, JCI, etc.
Review success rates
Choose doctors with solid experience in your specific treatment.
Read patient reviews
Browse Bookimed reviews from real patients to learn about their experiences.
Ensure effective communication
Pick clinics that offer language support for a smooth treatment process.
Ask about services
Confirm if they provide accommodation and transfers, and check the costs.
Choosing a clinic abroad can be stressful. At Bookimed, with over 800K patients helped, we understand your concerns. We know how to find trusted doctors, the best price-quality options, and solutions for even complex cases. We’re here to guide you every step of the way.
image
Yan Matsiivskiy
Head of Medical Coordinator Team
image
Igor Suhotnik
Pediatric surgeon
34 years of experience
4.4
139 reviews
Israel, Tel Aviv
Sourasky Medical Center (Ichilov)

Igor Suhotnik

Pediatric surgeon
34 years of experience

accreditations:

Israeli Medical Association
American College of Surgeons

Dr. Igor Sukhotnik is a Senior Pediatric Surgeon at Dana Dweck Children's Hospital (Ichilov Medical Center) and a visiting professor at Tel Aviv University, Israel with 29 years of experience. He is educated at Chernivtsi Medical University, Ukraine and has been a member of various medical associations.

Read more
image
Pekize Eker Balcioglu
General surgeon
22 years of experience
4.5
144 reviews
Turkey, Istanbul
Hisar Intercontinental Hospital

Pekize Eker Balcioglu

General surgeon
22 years of experience

Pakize EKER BALCIOĞLU, M.D., graduated from Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, and completed her residency training at the General Surgery Department, School of Medicine, Marmara University. She has authored articles in local and international journals and has fields of medical interest in breast pain, hemorrhoid treatments, anal fissure treatments, pilonidal sinus treatments, and lipomas. She has worked at Marmara University Hospital, Atlas Hospital, Maltepe Ersoy Hospital, and Sultanbeyli Ersoy Hospital.

Read more

Find out about the best doctors here

20 top ranked Hiatal hernia repair doctors in the world are represented on this page. The list includes only verified specialists known for their experience and high success rates.

The ranking is composed according to the Bookimed patient reviews and considers the rating of hospitals where doctors practice.

Top 5 Hiatal hernia repair doctors on Bookimed.com:

How to choose the best Hiatal hernia repair doctors in the world?

The specialist’s CV contains details about the doctor’s expertise and work experience, education, scientific research, and languages spoken. Compare information on several specialists, read carefully about their experience, success rates, and methods they apply. Make sure the chosen doctor has relevant experience in the treatment of a medical issue you are looking for. Read reviews of patients who had a consultation with the chosen specialist.

Famous Hiatal hernia repair doctors have vast experience, continue education constantly, participate in professional associations and have positive feedback from patients treated.

What is the cost of a doctor's consultation?

The price for the consultation on Hiatal hernia repair varies between experts and depends on certain factors, such as:

  • the country of practicing
  • the clinical experience and reputation
  • the medical degree and educational background
  • the doctor’s workload
  • medical developments, proprietary techniques used, and awards, if any.

How to make an appointment with a chosen doctor?

To schedule your visit, just submit a request on Bookimed.com. Our coordinator will contact you to discuss the time and details of the appointment, so everything will go smoothly.

We can help to find the right doctors for Hiatal hernia repair if you have any difficulties with a choice. Bookimed services are free for patients ♥

Where you go for medical treatment

image
Peter Sipos
Gastrointestinal surgeon
24 years of experience
3.8
10 reviews

Peter Sipos

Gastrointestinal surgeon
24 years of experience
Hungary, Budapest
Liv Duna Medical Center
image
Turgut Camkiran
General surgeon
46 years of experience
4.5
3 reviews
Turkey, Istanbul
Büyük Anadolu Hospitals (BAH)

Turgut Camkiran

General surgeon
46 years of experience

Experience

 

Hospitalpark Darıca Hospital

Çarşamba State Hospital (1987-2004)

Arapgir State Hospital

Incirli Hospital (1983-1985)

 

Education

 

Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine

Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine General Surgery Specialization

 

Vocational Trainings, Courses and Conferences Attended

 

National Surgery Congress

Laparoscopic Surgery Course and Congresses

 

Professional Memberships

 

Laparoscopic Surgery Association

National Association of Surgery

Turkish Medical Association

Read more
image
Cevper Ersoz
Urological surgeon
18 years of experience
5.0
2 reviews
Turkey, Istanbul
Medipol Acibadem District Hospital

Cevper Ersoz

Urological surgeon
18 years of experience

Areas of Expertise and Interest

  • Urological Cancers (Robotic and Laparoscopic Surgery)
  • Stone diseases
  • Benign prostate hyperplasia
  • Minimally invasive prostate treatments (HoLEP, TuLEP, Rezum, TUR-P,..)
  • Kidney Diseases
  • Prostate Diseases
  • Bladder Diseases
  • Testis Diseases
  • Sexual Dysfunctions - Infertility
  • Infections

Education

  • Bachelor's / Master's Degree: Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 2006
  • PhD: Urology, Bezmialem Vakıf University, 2012

Professional and Observational Experience in Medicine

  • Research Assistant, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, 10/2006 - 03/2007
  • Research Assistant, Bezmialem Valide Sultan Foundation Gureba Training and Research Hospital, Urology Clinic, 08/2007 - 10/2010
  • Research Assistant, Bezmialem University, Department of Urology, 10/2010 - 08/2012
  • Observer, University of Michigan, Department of Urology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 05/2011 - 06/2011
  • Specialist, Idil State Hospital, Idil, Şırnak, 11/2012 - 08/2014
  • Specialist, Giresun Dr. A. İlhan Özdemir State Hospital, Giresun, 09/2014 - 2015
  • Associate Professor, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Department of Urology, 2015 - 2024
  • Associate Professor, Medipol Acıbadem Regional Hospital, 2024 - Present

Awards Received

  • Effects of Sildenafil Citrate and Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors on the Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase, Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase, and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha in Pulmonary Hypertension-Induced Rat Cavernous Tissues. Ilbey Y.Ö, Şimşek A, Özcan L, Cilli M, Polat E.C, Ersöz C, Somay A, Özbek E. 8th National Andrology Congress (International Participation), İzmir, Turkey, May 20-23. Congress Abstract Book; 22: SS-01 (2009). (Male Sexual Health Alpay Kelami Award)
  • Extraperitoneal (EXPERT-ONOL) Sacrocolpopexy in the Treatment of Advanced Uterovaginal and Vaginal Prolapse: Intermediate-Term Results. Önol Ş.Y, Armağan A, Tepeler A, Başıbüyük İ, Ersöz C, Erdem M.R. 22nd National Urology Congress (International Participation), Girne, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, May 02-06. Congress Abstract Book, 369: V-021 (2012).

Certificates

  • Prof. Cevper Ersöz has over 130 national and international publications.

Memberships in Scientific Organizations

  • Turkish Urology Association
  • Turkish Pediatric Urology Association
  • Turkish Endourology Association
  • European Association of Urology (EAU)
  • European Society of Endourology
Read more
image
Peter Schenker
Gastrointestinal surgeon
17 years of experience
4.6
56 reviews

Peter Schenker

Gastrointestinal surgeon
17 years of experience
Germany, Solingen
Medical Center in Solingen
image
Edmundo Pichardo
Thoracic surgeon
37 years of experience

Edmundo Pichardo

Thoracic surgeon
37 years of experience
Mexico, Mexico City
DR. IRERI ASTEINZA Clinic
image
Mehmet Hakan Tekelioglu
General surgeon
27 years of experience
Turkey, Istanbul
Gayrettepe Florence Nightingale Hospital

Mehmet Hakan Tekelioglu

General surgeon
27 years of experience

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: 18.08.1968

Place of Birth: Konya – Cihanbeyli

Higher Education: Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine (1991)

Specialization: Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery

Specialization Graduation Thesis: Comparison of L-thyroxine Bromocriptine in Relation to

TSH Suppression After Total Thyroidectomy (19.02.1997)

Military Service: Sivas Military Hospital (1999-2000)

Foreign Language: English

 

WORK EXPERIENCE

- May 15, 1997-1999 – Metropolitan Florence Nightingale Hospital, General Surgeon

- July 1999 – September 2000 – Sivas Military Hospital

- Since October 2000 – Metropolitan Florence Nightingale Hospital, General Surgeon

Read more
image
Osman Civil
Colorectal surgeon
21 years of experience
5.0
2 reviews
Turkey, Istanbul
Medipol Bahçelievler Hospital

Osman Civil

Colorectal surgeon
21 years of experience

Experience

  • 2020

Istanbul Medipol University General Surgery Clinic

  • 2019 - 2019

TURKISH COLON AND RECTUM SURGERY SOCIETY

  • 2018 - 2018

İNÖNÜ UNIVERSITY

  • 2018 - 2018

TURKISH OSTOMY SURGERY SOCIETY

  • 2018

MALATYA GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY SOCIETY

  • 2009 - 2009

DR.LÜTFİ KIRDAR EDUCATION AND RESEARCH HOSPITAL

  • 2009 - 2009

10th NATIONAL BREAST DISEASES CONGRESS

  • 2008 - 2008

TURKISH SURGICAL ASSOCIATION

  • 2006 - 2012

Kartal Training and Research Hospital, General Surgery Assistant

 

Education 

  • 2012

ISTANBUL KARTAL DR.LÜTFİ KIRDAR TRAINING AND RESEARCH HOSPITAL, GENERAL SURGERY

  • 2003

KARADENIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF MEDICINE

Read more
image
Sedat Ocak
General surgeon
26 years of experience
4.5
3 reviews
Turkey, Istanbul
Büyük Anadolu Hospitals (BAH)

Sedat Ocak

General surgeon
26 years of experience

Specializations

Obesity Surgery

Metabolic Surgery (Type 2 Diabetes Surgery)

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic Reflux Surgery

Laparoscopic Appendectomy

Thyroid and Breast Surgery

Colon and Rectum Surgery

Stomach Surgery

Hemorrhoid Surgeries

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Read more
image
Levent Akgun Kazak
General surgeon
16 years of experience
4.5
3 reviews
Turkey, Istanbul
Büyük Anadolu Hospitals (BAH)

Levent Akgun Kazak

General surgeon
16 years of experience

Specializations

Liver and Gallbladder Diseases Surgery

Treatment and Surgery of Stomach and Small Intestine Diseases

Colon and Rectum Surgery

Treatment and Surgery of Anorectal Diseases (Hemorrhoids etc.)

Surgical Treatment of Abdominal Wall Hernias

Inguinal Hernia Surgery

Thyroid Diseases and Surgery

Breast Diseases and Cancer Treatment

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Read more
image
Kadir Dicle
General surgeon
24 years of experience
4.5
3 reviews
Turkey, Istanbul
Büyük Anadolu Hospitals (BAH)

Kadir Dicle

General surgeon
24 years of experience

Specializations

Obesity Surgery

Metabolic Surgery

Oncological Surgery

Breast Diseases and Cancer Treatment

Anorectal Diseases Surgery and Treatment

Treatment of Inguinal and Abdominal Wall Hernias

Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases Treatment

Treatment of Stomach and Gallbladder Diseases

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Read more
image
Erol Kilic
General surgeon
15 years of experience
4.5
3 reviews
Turkey, Istanbul
Büyük Anadolu Hospitals (BAH)

Erol Kilic

General surgeon
15 years of experience

Specializations

Oncological Surgery

Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Surgery

Anorectal Diseases Surgery and Treatment

Stomach Hernia Surgery

Colon and Rectum Surgery

Breast Diseases and Cancer Treatment

Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases Treatment

Treatment of Stomach and Gallbladder Diseases

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Read more
image
Walter Querevalú
General practitioner
34 years of experience

Walter Querevalú

General practitioner
34 years of experience
Mexico, Mexico City
DR. IRERI ASTEINZA Clinic
image
Aziz Cataltepe
Orthopedic surgeon
27 years of experience
5.0
2 reviews
Turkey, Istanbul
Medipol Bahçelievler Hospital

Aziz Cataltepe

Orthopedic surgeon
27 years of experience

Experience

2017
Private Nisa Hospital

2011 - 2017
Yenibosna Private Ilke Hospital

2007 - 2011
Gaziosmanpaşa Private Bilge Hospital

Education

2005
Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases

2005
Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases

2000
İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Medical Education

2000
İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Medical Education

Read more
image
Cigdem Arslan
Colorectal surgeon
17 years of experience
5.0
2 reviews
Turkey, Istanbul
Medipol Bahçelievler Hospital

Cigdem Arslan

Colorectal surgeon
17 years of experience

accreditations:

European Association for Endoscopic Surgery

Experience 

  • 2016 - 2017

İSTİNYE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MEDICINE

  • 2016 - 2017

Liv Hospital

  • 2016 - 2017

Liv Hospital Ulus

  • 2015 - 2016

Acıbadem Bodrum Hospital

  • 2014 - 2015

Tatvan State Hospital

  • 2013 - 2015

Tatvan State Hospital

  • 2012 - 2013

CLEVELAND CLINIC

  • 2007 - 2014

Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine

Education 

  • 2013

DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MEDICINE, FACULTY OF MEDICINE/DEPARTMENT OF SURGICAL MEDICAL SCIENCES/DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL SURGERY

  • 2013

Dokuz Eylül University, General Surgery

  • 2007

AKDENİZ UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF MEDICINE

  • 2007

International Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles:

Title: The impact of sarcopenia on morbidity and long-term survival among patients with peritoneal metastases of colorectal origin treated with cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: a 10-year longitudinal analysis of a single-center experience.

  • Authors: AĞALAR CİHAN, SÖKMEN SELMAN, ARSLAN ÖZŞAHİN NACİYE ÇİĞDEM, ALTAY CANAN, BAŞARA AKIN IŞIL, CANDA ARAS EMRE, OBUZ FUNDA
  • Journal: Techniques in Coloproctology
  • Year: 2020
  • Volume: 24(4)
  • Pages: 301-308
  • DOI: 10.1007/s10151-020-02159-z
  • Publication Number: 6776368

Title: Randomized controlled trial of 8 weeks’ vs 12 weeks’ interval between neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer.

  • Authors: Terzi Cem, Bingül Mustafa, ARSLAN NACİYE ÇİĞDEM, ÖZTÜRK ERSİN, CANDA ARAS EMRE, IŞIK ÖZGEN, YILMAZLAR AHMET TUNCAY, OBUZ FUNDA, Görken Birkay, KURT MERAL, ÜNLÜ ŞADİYE MEHTAT, UĞRAŞ NESRİN, Kanat Özkan, ÖZTOP İLHAN
  • Journal: Colorectal Disease
  • Year: 2020
  • Volume: 22(3)
  • Pages: 279-288
  • DOI: 10.1111/codi.14867
  • Publication Number: 6012919

Title: The effect of fibrin glue in preventing staple-line leak after sleeve gastrectomy: an experimental study in rats.

  • Authors: ÖZDENKAYA YAŞAR, OLMUŞÇELİK OKTAY, BASIM PELİN, SAKA BURCU, ARSLAN NACİYE ÇİĞDEM
  • Journal: Acta Cirurgica Brasileira
  • Year: 2019
  • Volume: 34(8)
  • Publication Number: 5242669

Title: Treatment of intraoperatively detected peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin with cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

  • Authors: CANDA ARAS EMRE, ARSLAN NACİYE ÇİĞDEM, Terzi Cem, Sokmen Selman, YAVUZŞEN TUĞBA, Ozkardesler Sevda, Unlu Mehtat, OBUZ FUNDA, FÜZÜN MEHMET
  • Journal: World Journal of Surgical Oncology
  • Year: 2018
  • Volume: 16(1)
  • Pages: 70-74
  • DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1369-7
  • Publication Number: 4863133

Title: Magnetic resonance-based pelvimetry and tumor volumetry can predict surgical difficulty and oncologic outcome in locally advanced mid–low rectal cancer.

  • Authors: Atasoy Gulsen, ARSLAN NACİYE ÇİĞDEM, Elibol Funda, SAĞOL ÖZGÜL, OBUZ FUNDA, SÖKMEN SELMAN
  • Journal: Surgery Today
  • Year: 2018
  • Volume: 48(12)
  • Pages: 1040-1051
  • DOI: 10.1007/s00595-018-1690-3
  • Publication Number: 4863005

Title: Is advanced age a hesitation for cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in colorectal cancer?

  • Authors: Terzi Cem, Sokmen Selman, ARSLAN NACİYE ÇİĞDEM, Ozkardesler Sevda, DURAL CEMIL, OBUZ FUNDA, CANDA ARAS EMRE, GÖKTÜRK ÜMIT KELEŞTEN
  • Journal: International Journal of Surgery
  • Year: 2018
  • Volume: 51
  • Pages: 156-160
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.01.010
  • Publication Number: 4855751

Contributions to Conferences:

Title: Outcome of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for colorectal cancer: A single-center experience.

  • Authors: CANDA ARAS EMRE, Sokmen Selman, Terzi Cem, ARSLAN NACİYE ÇİĞDEM, OBUZ FUNDA
  • Conference: European Society of Surgical Oncology (ESSO) Congress
  • Year: 2018
  • Location: Budapest, Hungary

Title: Predictive factors for conversion to open surgery in laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

  • Authors: ARSLAN NACİYE ÇİĞDEM, Terzi Cem, Sokmen Selman, CANDA ARAS EMRE, OBUZ FUNDA
  • Conference: European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) Congress
  • Year: 2017
  • Location: Frankfurt, Germany
Read more
This page may feature information relating to various medical conditions, treatments, and healthcare services available in different countries. Please be advised that the content is provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as medical advice or guidance. Please consult with your doctor or a qualified medical professional before starting or changing medical treatment.

Related Articles