Surgical treatment of valgus deformity in Istanbul – TOP 10+ Clinics and Costs 2026

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How Much Does Surgical treatment of valgus deformity Cost in Istanbul?

Surgical treatment of valgus deformity in Istanbul typically costs from $3,100 to $5,800 depending on the complexity and surgical technique. In the US, similar procedures cost around $13,000 on average. Patients save around 55% compared to the US. Most Istanbul clinics provide packages including surgery, anesthesia, hospital stays, x-rays, and airport-hotel-clinic transfers.

Bilateral surgery: Usually adds 50-80% to the base cost when treating both feet.
Robotic-assisted approach: Typically adds 30-50% over standard techniques due to specialized technology.
Hospital accreditation: JCI-accredited facilities often charge a premium for meeting specific safety benchmarks.
Hardware quality: Use of titanium plates or 3D-printed guides affects the equipment budgeting.

Bookimed Expert Insight: Istanbul serves as Turkey's primary hub for complex orthopedic cases, offering deeper specialty depth than regional cities. JCI-accredited centers like Memorial Şişli Hospital and Liv Hospital Ulus handle thousands of international patients annually. Experts like Gursel Saka at Hisar Hospital utilize advanced arthroplasty and trauma techniques. Choosing Istanbul ensures access to surgeons certified by the Turkish Orthopaedics and Traumatology Training Council (TOTBID).

	Turkey	Austria	Spain
Surgical treatment of valgus deformity	from $4,000	from $12,000	from $8,000

Data verified by Bookimed as of July 2026, based on patient requests and official quotes from 51 clinics worldwide. Median costs are based on real invoices (2025–2026) and updated monthly. Actual prices may vary.

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Best Surgical treatment of valgus deformity Clinics in Istanbul: 12 Verified Options and Prices

The Bookimed clinic ranking is based on data science algorithms, providing a trusted, transparent, and objective comparison. It takes into account patient demand, review scores (both positive and negative), the frequency of updates to treatment options and prices, response speed, and clinic certifications.

Hisar Hospital Intercontinental

Turkey, Istanbul

Yusuf Bayram

14 years of experience

Clinic is certified :

Dr. Yusuf Bayram has performed 900+ orthopedic procedures over 14 years of experience, specializing in valgus deformity corrections. Surgery at Hisar Hospital typically costs around $5,500 – covering the procedure, 2-3 nights stay, implants, tests, and transfers. The JCI-accredited clinic handles 500,000 patients annually with multilingual support. Dr. Bayram focuses on spine conditions and arthroscopy, with extensive experience in complex orthopedic cases.

diagnostics
Chest X-Ray	$50 - $80
MRI of the joint	$420

Memorial Şişli Hospital

Turkey, Istanbul

Olcay Guler

20 years of experience

Clinic is certified :

Prof. Dr. Olcay Güler brings 20 years of experience of orthopedic experience with 900+ foot surgeries performed, specializing in valgus deformity correction. The procedure may cost around $19,070 as an individualized program – typically covering surgery, pre-op imaging, 5 nights hospitalization, transfers, and 2-week follow-up. Memorial Şişli holds JCI accreditation – Turkey's first – with LEED Platinum certification for healthcare sustainability. Dr. Güler personally reviews each case to tailor treatment plans.

diagnostics
Consultation with an orthopaedist	$220
MRI of one area	$750 - $2,600

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Turan Turan Health Group

Turkey, Bursa

Op. Dr. Yalkın Çamurcu specializes in orthopedic and arthroscopic surgeries as a member of the Turkish Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology. The complete ankle arthroscopy package may cost around $4,100, typically including orthopedics consultation, pre/post-op imaging, surgery-related tests, 1-night hospitalization, and 20 days of physiotherapy. The robotic orthopedic surgery center offers airport transfers and translation services. Turan Turan Health Group is Turkey's first robotic orthopedic surgery center.

diagnostics
Consultation with creation of treatment plan	$65
MRI of the spine cord	$175

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Lokman Hekim Istanbul Hospital

Turkey, Istanbul

Clinic is certified :

Dr. Mehmet Ozan Aşık, an Associate Professor with _doctor_2232_years_ of orthopedic experience, specializes in minimally invasive ankle procedures. Ankle arthroscopy typically runs $4,000 USD – covering surgery, 3 nights' stay, pre-op diagnostics, transfers, and interpreter services. The clinic holds JCI accreditation and uses dedicated orthopedic operating suites. Dr. Aşık completed postdoctoral research in biomechanics and offers follow-up examinations. Patient reviews rate the hospital 4.6/5.

diagnostics
Lab tests	$190 - $360
CT (computer tomography)	$350 - $550
treatment
Ankle Arthroscopy	$7,660 - $8,750

Memorial Bahçelievler Hospital

Turkey, Istanbul

Tahir Ozturk

10 years of experience

Clinic is certified :

Dr. Tahir Ozturk brings 10 years of experience of orthopedic experience with 900+ procedures performed. Valgus deformity correction at Memorial Bahçelievler typically costs around $19,850 – covering surgery, hospitalization up to 5 nights, and pre-op imaging. The JCI-accredited hospital features eco-friendly LEED Platinum design with specialized recovery zones. Dr. Ozturk has advanced training in microscopic surgery and arthroplasty techniques.

diagnostics
Consultation with a maxillofacial surgeon	$160
Consultation with an orthopaedist	$200

NP Istanbul Brain Hospital

Turkey, Istanbul

Mustafa Bozbuga

35 years of experience

Clinic is certified :

Prof. Dr. Mustafa BOZBUGA is a renowned neurosurgeon with 35 years of experience of experience in spine and spinal cord surgery. NP Istanbul Brain Hospital holds JCI accreditation and operates dedicated neurosurgery facilities. The clinic specializes in complex orthopedic and neurological conditions, including valgus deformity correction.

diagnostics
Lab tests	$200 - $300
MRI of one area	$800 - $1,000

You’ve viewed 4 of 12 clinics

Surgical treatment of valgus deformity Overview in Turkey

Takeaways

Related procedures & Costs

How it works

What to expect

Benefits

Payment

patients recommend -

85%

Surgery Time - 3 hours

Stay in the country - 10 days

Rehabilitation - 14 days

Anesthesia - General anesthesia

Requests processed - 23249

Verified patient reviews - 21

Bookimed fees - $0

Our Trusted Doctors

View all Doctors

Halil Can Gemalmaz

19 years of experience

Dr. Halil Can Gemalmaz is a professor of orthopedics and traumatology in Istanbul. He is a pioneer in Turkey for 3D patient-specific orthopedic procedures. Dr. Gemalmaz specializes in robotic-assisted joint replacements for the knee and hip. He currently serves as a faculty member at Atlas University Faculty of Medicine.

Uses 3D planning and custom surgical guides for complex bone deformities.
Performs robotic-assisted arthroplasty, including MAKOplasty and OMNI systems.
Treats sports injuries through arthroscopic surgery of the shoulder and knee.
Practices at a center accredited by the Turkish Medical Association.

Erman Cekic

15 years of experience

Performed 10,000+ knee and hip replacement surgeries with advanced joint techniques.

Specializes in joint and cartilage surgery plus stem cell treatments
Trained in knee arthroplasty techniques at Vienna courses
Published research on fracture healing assessment methods
Operates at OrtoCare Orthopedic Clinic with latest technologies

Selman Dogan

20 years of experience

Dr. Selman Dogan specializes in orthopedic surgery, with expertise in sports traumatology and joint replacements at Hisar Hospital Intercontinental.

Board-certified orthopedic surgeon with extensive trauma and sports injury experience
Specialized in knee ligament injuries and hip/knee arthroplasty
Trained in orthopedic oncology at Medeniyet University
Works with PRP treatments for joint and tendon conditions

Gursel Saka

29 years of experience

Prof. Dr. Gursel Saka specializes in arthroplasty and trauma surgery, with extensive experience in complex orthopedic procedures at Hisar Hospital Intercontinental.

Expertise in spine and pelvis-acetabulum surgery
Finalist for Tubitak XI Technology Awards in 2014
Trained at University of Health Sciences
Associate Professor at Health Sciences University

Reviews about Bookimed: Discover Patients' Insights

Mariia Chumakova • Hallux valgus surgery

Georgia

Oct 24, 2025

Verified review.

Lokman Hekim Hospital left a profound impression on me with its genuine care for every patient

Lokman Hekim Hospital left a profound impression on me with its genuine care for every patient. Everything here is organized the way it should be in an ideal clinic: the staff is attentive, considerate, always ready to help, and does not just go through formal procedures. Unlike many expensive clinics, where everything feels cold and impersonal, where patients are treated almost like on a conveyor belt, here you truly feel involvement and empathy. Every step, every detail is thoughtfully planned with the patient in mind, creating a sense of safety and comfort. Here, they don’t just treat and send you away — they guide and support you at every stage, creating an atmosphere of trust and warmth. This approach makes the stay in the clinic as comfortable and reassuring as possible.

In short, my experience was simply amazing. I highly recommend Lokman Hekim among other Turkish clinics, in Istanbul and other cities, because everything here is truly top-notch. I have already shared more detailed impressions in other reviews, but in short — everything was perfect.

Everything was perfect

About Bookimed service

My experience with Bookimed was absolutely amazing. My sister even went with me to have blepharoplasty, and she immediately wanted to have her surgery at the same clinic where I had mine, because the plastic surgeon there was incredibly professional and outstanding. I can confidently recommend Bookimed to all my relatives, and I would gladly go again to this clinic and only to these doctors, because every specialist in the clinic is exceptional and excellent. Bookimed is truly an amazing platform. I am grateful that it exists because it is very important for people who cannot find the best doctors in their own countries. The platform helps to find the best options for each patient individually, offering different choices so that everyone can select what is optimal for them.

Lokman Hekim University Ankara Hospital Mehmet Emin Simsek

Rashed Alhosani • Consultation with an orthopaedist

United Arab Emirates

Feb 10, 2024

Verified review.

In 8 days I felt better and I don't need surgical operation

I like the treatment , staff , environment. Special thanks for Hussein , Melih , and all staff I can’t remember the names . I recommend this hospital for all . Daily they made for me more than 10-12 session . They used all technology and staff to let me feel better . I had some special services massage , daily Hotel transport, and hotel discount . I can’t express all but thanks a lot in 8 days I felt better and I don’t need surgical operation . Will visit again inshallah .

About Bookimed service

Perfect they follow all my needs

Fizyomer Terapia Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation & Aesthetic & Dental Medical Center

Tat'yana • Consultation with an orthopaedist

United Kingdom

May 9, 2026

Verified review.

They all deserve top marks

Strange as it may sound, my overall rating is zero. That said, I can’t say a single bad word about either the surgeon or the clinic staff. They all deserve top marks. The doctor was very attentive and professional, and the support team did everything they could to help. The problem isn’t with the people. The problem is that the outcome of the consultation and what followed completely overshadowed all the positive impressions, leaving me in a very difficult situation during the recovery phase. The service was good, but the result was not.

Qualifications of doctors and medical staff

Online answers to questions It takes a very long time

Memorial Şişli Hospital

Anonymous • Hip replacement

Moldova

May 7, 2026

Verified review.

Thanks to the successful operation, I started walking without a limp almost as soon as I tried doing so without crutches

Before the operation, I was most worried about a possible difference in leg length, but now they feel exactly the same. The operation was performed via an anterior approach using a Stryker implant. A huge thank you to the wonderful doctor, Professor Olcay Güler. He is always positive, a pleasure to talk to, and uses modern techniques as well as robotic surgery for procedures like this. Direct anterior access is the best option for those who want a faster and better recovery, and there are very few specialists who use this modern method. On the 7th day after the operation, I had already started walking without crutches, even though I hadn’t rushed my recovery; the doctors do recommend walking with crutches for two weeks. Thanks to the successful operation, I started walking without a limp almost as soon as I tried doing so without crutches. I should note that I deliberately didn’t walk with just one crutch; I used both, but walked with them using the Nordic walking technique with poles. I think this also helped me avoid limping straight away. If anyone needs joint replacement surgery, I highly recommend Professor Olcay Güler and the Memorial Şişli Clinic; a good doctor is the key to a successful return to normal life. And of course, a huge thank you to the Bookimed team and personally to coordinator Sergey, who patiently selected the clinic and doctor for me! In the early stages of recovery, the hardest thing for me is getting in and out of the car. A tip for future patients: prepare comfortable trousers without elastic at the bottom in advance, slip-on shoes, and a special device for putting on compression garments and socks – a butler or glider – will also come in very handy, but only if you’re doing everything without assistance.

A huge thank you to the wonderful doctor, Professor Olcay Güler. He always has a positive attitude, is a pleasure to talk to, and uses modern techniques as well as robotic surgery for procedures of this kind. Direct anterior approach is the best solution for those who want a faster and better recovery, and there are very few specialists who practise this modern method. On the 7th day after the operation, I had already started walking without crutches, even though I hadn’t rushed my recovery; the doctors do recommend walking with crutches for two weeks. Thanks to the successful operation, I started walking without a limp almost immediately after trying to do so without crutches on the 7th day. I also made a point of not walking with just one crutch; I used both, but walked with them in the style of Nordic walking with poles. I think this also helped me avoid limping straight away. If anyone needs joint replacement surgery, I highly recommend Professor Olcay Güler and the Memorial Şişli Clinic; a good doctor is the key to a successful return to normal life. And of course, a huge thank you to the Bookimed team and personally to coordinator Sergey, who patiently helped me find the right clinic and doctor!

There are no downsides, just one suggestion: to produce a short leaflet for the clinic’s patients setting out post-operative restrictions, initial exercises, and exercises for further rehabilitation six weeks later, when most restrictions will have been lifted.

Memorial Şişli Hospital Olcay Guler

Anonymous • Robotic knee replacement surgery

United States of America

Apr 23, 2026

Verified review.

The clinic facilities and the general staff were solid

If a friend asked about robotic knee replacement, I'd start with this: understand your whole body's situation first. For me, I’ve realized I need both hips revision, not just the knee, and that has a big impact on my overall progress. The clinic facilities and the general staff were solid. They were helpful. My main challenge is currently my walking distance. While the staff were supportive, my interactions with the surgeon felt a bit lacking, and I think that aspect could have been better. It’s a serious process with many moving parts to consider.

Memorial Şişli Hospital

Dar'ya • Arthroscopic surgery

Georgia

Feb 14, 2026

Verified review.

I am completely satisfied with the treatment and grateful to the entire team for their professionalism and care

I was very impressed with the clinic and the attentive care given to patients. Special thanks to Dr. Rukhat Tanli—an knowledgeable, professional, and highly compassionate specialist. Anesthesia was administered smoothly, and recovery was comfortable. The staff is friendly and caring, and the clinic is modern and clean. I would also like to specifically thank coordinator Olga for her assistance, support, and translation guidance—thanks to her, the entire process was calm and organized. I am completely satisfied with the treatment and grateful to the entire team for their professionalism and care.

I was highly impressed with the clinic and their approach to patients. Special thanks to Dr. Rukhat Tanli — a knowledgeable, attentive, and professional specialist. The anesthesia was smooth, and the recovery was comfortable. The staff is very friendly and caring, with a calm atmosphere. The clinic is modern and clean. I am completely satisfied with the treatment and grateful to the entire team for their help and support.

About Bookimed service

Everything is great, thank you.

Lokman Hekim Istanbul Hospital Ruhat Tanli

Нурлан Чормаков • Hip replacement

Kazakhstan

Apr 25, 2024

Verified review.

I am very satisfied with the choice of this clinic

At the Turan Turan Clinic, I had total hip replacement surgeries on both legs almost simultaneously, two days apart. The operation was categorised as complicated. From the very first days of my stay in the clinic until my discharge I was really surrounded by sincere care and attention of the doctor and medical staff and interpreter. I was placed in a very comfortable ward with everything I needed. The interpreter and assistant in the person of Eldar did not leave me a step and helped with translation, consulted, gave useful advice and literally led me by the hand to the doctors where I was examined, from the X-ray room to the anaesthesiologist before the operation. Preparation for the operation, collection of analyses, their study and consultation with doctor Kayhan Turan took little time. Everything went promptly. The surgery was performed by the head doctor Kayhan Turan himself, who has vast experience in orthopaedic surgeries. With his light hand and high level of professionalism, the two surgeries two days apart were very easy. Smith & Nephew prostheses were fitted. Both operations were performed under spinal anaesthesia, which in my case completely eliminated the unpleasant stage of coming out of anaesthesia. I was conscious during the operations. Subsequent rehabilitation took place in a hospital ward, where special medical simulators were used along with exercises to develop the joint and vessels. I am very satisfied with the choice of this clinic.

About Bookimed service

Thank you Bookimed for the quality and prompt selection of the right clinic in accordance with the quality-price criterion. I was immediately offered several real offers to choose from, constant communication gave me hope for a speedy recovery. Very attentive staff. Thank you !!!!

Turan Turan Health Group Kayhan Turan

Maryna Bajer • Hand surgery

Germany

Oct 14, 2023

Verified review.

Thanks a lot to the great team!

I had to do an operation of the fracture of my little finger that happened during vacation in the South of Turkey. The organization was supported by Alisher Durdiyev and was very quick and helpful, even during the late evening. The surgery could be organized very quickly, the doctor Levent Yalcin, one of the rare hand surgeons, was extremely good, could incorporate my wishes and I was back with my family very quickly. The teams of nurses and doctors in the hospital was very good. Thanks a lot to the great team!

Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital Ali Levent Yalchin

claudine heilig • Osteoarthritis

France

Mar 6, 2026

Verified review.

In my situation, this care truly gave me hope again

I came to Istanbul for intensive medical care with a complex case involving multiple conditions. Thanks to Bookimed and my French-speaking coordinator Fidan and her colleague, everything was organized flawlessly. They truly went above and beyond, adapting my care to my evolving needs with great responsiveness and compassion. From the moment I arrived at Florence Nightingale Hospital, everything was handled with remarkable efficiency: I consulted 7 specialist professors in one day, followed by comprehensive tests (full-body MRI, CT scan, EMG, blood tests) over the next few days. In less than a week, I had a complete diagnosis and all treatments in place. The medical team is exceptionally professional — both highly skilled and genuinely caring. Each professor took the time to explain the results and treatment options. I now receive monthly follow-ups with my specialists. The service goes far beyond medical care: the hospital provides daily transportation for appointments, physiotherapy, and rehabilitation sessions. In France, I would have waited months just to get a first specialist appointment. Here, everything was done within days. I highly recommend Bookimed and Florence Nightingale Hospital without hesitation. In my situation, this care truly gave me hope again.

I arrived with a very complex and serious medical case, and I was impressed by the speed and efficiency of my care. In less than a week, I consulted 7 specialist professors, all necessary tests were completed (full-body MRI, CT, EMG, comprehensive blood work), and my treatments are now in place with monthly follow-ups by the professors. On top of that, the hospital provides daily transport for all my treatments: physiotherapy, rehabilitation, etc. An incredible service. Florence Nightingale is an excellent facility in every respect, both medically and humanly.

Apart from my visceral fear of needles, honestly, nothing. I even have a dedicated French-speaking coordinator. And a terrace café to enjoy a cappuccino in the sun inside the hospital. I have never been taken care of this well in my life.

About Bookimed service

Bookimed gave me access to excellent medical care in Istanbul that I could never have obtained so quickly in France. The compassionate support from Fidan and her team made all the difference at a time when I was feeling particularly vulnerable. I would recommend them without hesitation.

Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital

David Coombes • Hip replacement

Australia

Feb 26, 2026

Verified review.

I found the surgical staff and nurses in operating theatre to be extremely understanding and helpful. I was happy with the surgical procedure but would have liked a little more post-op feedback from the surgeon. Overall, though I was more than satisfied. Unfortunately the same cannot be said about the treatment which I received from the nursing staff, especially at night, although I subsequently found out that they are very short staffed while not having at least one English speaking nurse on duty day or night.

Procedure was very good on the day of surgery. Friendly and helpful medical coordinator Friendly nurses during the day. However there was not even one English speaking nurse during every day and every night. The only means of communicating was by phone translator which became tiresome and frustrating.

There needs to be better understanding between the nursing staff and patients. Despite best efforts it all became overwhelming and frustrating. I don’t know why but it was difficult to inform the staff that I was vegetarian. Twice I needed to change the capither myself - seemingly because nurses see it below their station so need to find a nursing assistant to empty the capither bag. To summarise - the medical coordinator was extremely helpful; the care and help by surgical staff and theatre nursing staff was very good. However the treatment from many of the nurses left something to be desired.

About Bookimed service

Helpful and understanding with good communication and follow up service. I was extremely satisfied with the empathy and help from Yasmina, Bookimed’s medical coordinator.

Büyük Anadolu Hospitals (BAH International)

Marina • Surgical treatment of scoliosis

Moldova

Aug 8, 2025

Verified review.

Doctors at the highest level

PLUSES Doctors at the highest level...professionalism, attention, responsibility felt during the whole stay...nothing unnecessary was said...no promises were made that could not be realised later...we were very satisfied with the results of their work.... Medical equipment may not be the latest models, but the penultimate certainly ... The food is very tasty... The facilities in the ward create a comfortable stay... The location of the clinic is good... Many hotels of different categories within walking distance..... MINUSES The medical staff and service staff (cleaning of the ward) wish to be better...the clinic needs a little more review of the process of care of medical staff for patients...at night when the patient before surgery or after surgery should gain strength and rest, begins frequent going to the room...then the temperature to measure, then the pressure, then remembering about the drip to connect the next or remove the forgotten.... Another disadvantage is the proposal-proform with an indication of what services are included in the paid amount, and which are not ... I would like a more specific list...taking into account that the treatment plan has changed, the amount to be paid has also changed, and there is always a question whether it is paid or whether it is necessary to pay additionally...which causes inconvenience and worries "whether you have enough money".... The general impression of the clinic was good...despite the disadvantages.....

Professionalism of the medical team

Nursing and housekeeping.

About Bookimed service

Very grateful to Stanislav...all questions were always answered in a short period of time..... any misunderstandings that arose were resolved quickly.....

Memorial Ataşehir Hospital

Volodymyr Kopysov Kopysov • Ankylosing spondylitis

Ukraine

Oct 16, 2025

Verified review.

I am satisfied with everything

He completed a two-week rehabilitation course. I improved my condition, I am satisfied with everything. The staff are professionals. Special thanks to Kenan for his support and resolution of all issues. I liked the treatment programme. With my diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis, it was possible to improve the condition of my spine and partially restore mobility. I recommend it, I will come back again.

schedule, treatment, staff

-

Fizyomer Terapia Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation & Aesthetic & Dental Medical Center

Larisa Petrova • Hip fracture

Canada

Dec 11, 2023

Verified review.

Operation at the highest level! Be sure to take an accompanying person with you! You will not be able to do without this or hire a Person through a coordinator to serve for 3 weeks

About Bookimed service

Regular support on all issues

Turan Turan Health Group

Carl Jensen • Hip replacement

Paraguay

Aug 23, 2025

Verified review.

Dr

It's now been about 1 1/2 months post surgery and I am pleased with the progress of my recovery. It seems that the implant and hip have aligned themselves nicely with the rest of the leg and foot . I can walk quite well. It seems that improving the strength in my leg will lead to greater recovery. I was pleasantly surprised by the professionalism , knowledge and concern of all people involved ; especially Booki Med med coordinator Dr. Olha who exhibited limitless patience and concern for my problems. The hospital was first rate and those within, I felt, were truly concerned with my situation

Lokman Hekim Istanbul Hospital

Olga Seitova • Consultation with an orthopaedist

Kazakhstan

Feb 15, 2025

Verified review.

I liked the doctor's professionalism, competence, ability to explain the causes of pain in an accessible way, to show clearly the planned treatment, and also to warn about the need for further 'self-doctor' behaviour for further recovery of health

I liked the doctor's professionalism, competence, ability to explain the causes of pain in an accessible way, to show clearly the planned treatment, and also to warn about the need for further "self-doctor" behaviour for further recovery of health. The attitude of the staff is excellent.

Memorial Ataşehir Hospital

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Updated: 05/09/2026

Authored by

Head of Content Marketing Team

A certified medical writer with 10+ years of experience, developed Bookimed’s trusted content, backed by a Master’s in Philology and medical expert interviews worldwide.

Reviewed by Bookimed Medical Advisor

Medical Editor & Data Scientist

General practitioner. Winner of 4 scientific awards. Served in Western Asia. Former Team Leader of a medical team supporting Arabic-speaking patients. Now responsible for data processing and medical content accuracy.

This page may feature information relating to various medical conditions, treatments, and healthcare services available in different countries. Please be advised that the content is provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as medical advice or guidance. Please consult with your doctor or a qualified medical professional before starting or changing medical treatment.