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How Much Does Hallux valgus surgery Cost in Istanbul?

Hallux valgus surgery in Istanbul typically costs from $2,800 to $4,900. The price depends on the correction technique, hospital certification, and whether both feet are treated. Patients save around 78% compared to the US, where this procedure averages $11,500. Most packages include preoperative tests, surgical consultations, and a two-night hospital stay for recovery.

  • 3D Lapidus procedure: $4,500 to $8,000 for advanced anatomical correction.
  • 3D bunion correction: $3,500 to $6,400 using patient-specific surgical guides.
  • Valgus deformity treatment: $3,100 to $5,800 for standard osteotomy techniques.
  • Bilateral surgery: Usually adds 50-80% to the base cost of a single foot.

Bookimed Expert Insight: Istanbul serves as Turkey's primary hub for advanced orthopedic planning, offering technology rarely found in other cities. For instance, Professor Gemalmaz is the only provider in Turkey utilizing CAD-assisted planning. Specialists like Yusuf Bayram have performed over 1,000 corrections. Choosing JCI-accredited clinics like Hisar Hospital ensures multi-language support and high safety standards at competitive rates.

TurkeyAustriaSpain
Hallux valgus surgeryfrom $2,000from $3,500from $3,500
Surgical treatment of valgus deformityfrom $4,000from $12,000from $8,000
Lapidus Procedure 3D Bunion Correction (Hallux Valgus)from $3,200from $9,000from $7,500
Hallux Valgus - 3D Lapidus Procedurefrom $3,000from $7,500from $4,500
Data verified by Bookimed as of September 2026, based on patient requests and official quotes from 128 clinics worldwide. Median costs are based on real invoices (2025–2026) and updated monthly. Actual prices may vary.

Best Hallux valgus surgery Clinics in Istanbul: 29 Verified Options and Prices

The Bookimed clinic ranking is based on data science algorithms, providing a trusted, transparent, and objective comparison. It takes into account patient demand, review scores (both positive and negative), the frequency of updates to treatment options and prices, response speed, and clinic certifications.
Hisar Hospital Intercontinental

Hisar Hospital Intercontinental

Turkey, Istanbul

Yusuf Bayram

14 years of experience
Clinic is certified :
4.5252 reviews
diagnostics
Arthroscopy$7,000 - $12,500
Complete blood count$50 - $120
treatment
Hallux valgus surgery$4,500 - $7,000
Clinic's page
Memorial Şişli Hospital

Memorial Şişli Hospital

Turkey, Istanbul

Olcay Guler

20 years of experience
Clinic is certified :
4.6424 reviews
diagnostics
Consultation with an orthopaedist $220
Lab tests $500
treatment
Hallux valgus surgery $11,600
Clinic's page
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Lokman Hekim Istanbul Hospital

Lokman Hekim Istanbul Hospital

Turkey, Istanbul
Clinic is certified :
4.8256 reviews
Price on request
Clinic's page
Professor Gemalmaz - 3D Patient-Specific Orthopedics

Professor Gemalmaz - 3D Patient-Specific Orthopedics

Turkey, Istanbul

Halil Can Gemalmaz

19 years of experience
Surgeon's portfolio
Clinic is certified :
4.5
treatment
Hallux valgus surgery$5,000 - $10,000
Clinic's page
Memorial Bahçelievler Hospital

Memorial Bahçelievler Hospital

Turkey, Istanbul
Clinic is certified :
4.6158 reviews
diagnostics
CT (computer tomography)$550 - $1,000
Consultation with an orthopaedist $200
Clinic's page
Memorial Ataşehir Hospital

Memorial Ataşehir Hospital

Turkey, Istanbul

Haldun Orhun

41 years of experience
accreditations :
Clinic is certified :
4.555 reviews
diagnostics
MRI of one area$600 - $1,000
CT (computer tomography)$600 - $1,000
Clinic's page
You’ve viewed 5 of 29 clinics

Hallux valgus surgery Overview in Turkey

Takeaways
Related procedures & Costs
How it works
What to expect
Benefits
Payment
patients recommend -
85%
Surgery Time - 2 hours
Stay in the country - 7 days
Rehabilitation - 4 days
Anesthesia - Local anesthesia
Requests processed - 23249
Before & after photos - 1
Verified patient reviews - 22
Bookimed fees - $0

Our Trusted Doctors

View all Doctors
verified

Yusuf Bayram

14 years of experience

Performed over 1,000 surgeries, including specialized orthopedic and deformity corrections at Hisar Hospital Intercontinental.

  • Specializes in arthroscopic knee, shoulder, and ankle surgeries
  • Expert in spinal deformities like scoliosis and herniated discs
  • Completed specialty training at Umraniye Training and Research Hospital
  • Applies modern, safe treatment methods for complex cases
verified

Halil Can Gemalmaz

19 years of experience

Specializes in patient-specific orthopedic surgery with 3D printed guides and implants – a novel approach even globally.

  • Associate Professor at Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar School of Medicine
  • Focuses on technically challenging cases like malunions and complex arthroplasty
  • Performed first-of-their-kind surgeries in Turkey
  • Private practice in Istanbul with a focus on innovative techniques
verified

Erman Cekic

15 years of experience

Specializes in joint and cartilage surgery with advanced training in orthopedics and traumatology. Over 10,000 knee and hip replacement surgeries performed.

  • Expertise in minimally invasive techniques and stem cell treatments
  • Extensive experience in sports medicine and joint arthroplasty
  • Member of multiple international orthopedic and traumatology societies
  • Founder of OrtoCare Clinic, focusing on advanced orthopedic solutions
verified

Murat Aydin

18 years of experience

Dr. Aydin specializes in joint replacement and trauma orthopedics, with a focus on restoring mobility and minimizing recovery time.

  • Associate Professor with academic and research contributions
  • Skilled in minimally invasive arthroscopic techniques
  • Expertise in treating sports injuries and complex trauma
  • Patient-centered approach with personalized rehabilitation strategies

Reviews about Bookimed: Discover Patients' Insights

All reviews
Mariia Chumakova • Hallux valgus surgery
Georgia
Oct 24, 2025
Verified review.
Lokman Hekim Hospital left a profound impression on me with its genuine care for every patient
Lokman Hekim Hospital left a profound impression on me with its genuine care for every patient. Everything here is organized the way it should be in an ideal clinic: the staff is attentive, considerate, always ready to help, and does not just go through formal procedures. Unlike many expensive clinics, where everything feels cold and impersonal, where patients are treated almost like on a conveyor belt, here you truly feel involvement and empathy. Every step, every detail is thoughtfully planned with the patient in mind, creating a sense of safety and comfort. Here, they don’t just treat and send you away — they guide and support you at every stage, creating an atmosphere of trust and warmth. This approach makes the stay in the clinic as comfortable and reassuring as possible.
In short, my experience was simply amazing. I highly recommend Lokman Hekim among other Turkish clinics, in Istanbul and other cities, because everything here is truly top-notch. I have already shared more detailed impressions in other reviews, but in short — everything was perfect.
Everything was perfect
About Bookimed service
My experience with Bookimed was absolutely amazing. My sister even went with me to have blepharoplasty, and she immediately wanted to have her surgery at the same clinic where I had mine, because the plastic surgeon there was incredibly professional and outstanding. I can confidently recommend Bookimed to all my relatives, and I would gladly go again to this clinic and only to these doctors, because every specialist in the clinic is exceptional and excellent. Bookimed is truly an amazing platform. I am grateful that it exists because it is very important for people who cannot find the best doctors in their own countries. The platform helps to find the best options for each patient individually, offering different choices so that everyone can select what is optimal for them.
Lokman Hekim University Ankara HospitalMehmet Emin Simsek
Шахноза • Surgery for forearm fracture
Aug 8, 2026
Verified review.
The surgery went brilliantly
I sincerely want to thank the Bookimed team for their assistance. I had a challenging task: finding a specialized surgeon with expertise in hand finger surgery. The Bookimed specialists were very attentive to my request and helped me find the right doctor in Turkey. I was facing a serious operation on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th fingers of my left hand. The procedure was complex: a bone graft from the iliac crest was placed, and osteotomy was performed on several fingers with pin fixation. The surgery went brilliantly. Surgeon Levent Yalcin personally examined me afterward, which was very important. The staff at the Group Florence Nightingale Hospitals clinic was very polite. It was nice that there were no additional expenses, as the clinic provided everything necessary for the stay.
I would like to sincerely thank the Bookimed team for their assistance in finding a clinic and doctor in Turkey. I faced a fairly complex task: it was necessary to find a highly specialized surgeon with expertise in treating and performing surgery on finger joints. Finding the right specialist on my own proved to be challenging—there is a lot of information available, but it was essential to select a doctor with the necessary specialization and experience. The specialists at Bookimed paid close attention to my request. They did not just suggest a few clinic options, but helped me navigate the information, chose an appropriate medical institution, and found a surgeon with the required profile in Turkey. I was provided with a personal coordinator, Olga. I especially want to highlight the promptness, attentive service, and individualized approach. They remained in contact with me at all stages, answered questions, assisted with organizational matters, and provided necessary information. This was particularly important to me because dealing with health issues and upcoming surgical treatment, one wants to ensure they are turning to reliable professionals and are in safe hands. Upon arrival in Istanbul, everything was top-notch—transfer service, interpreter, coordinators, doctor consultations, and surgery preparation were all meticulously planned, leaving us with no worries. The surgery went excellently; even before the procedure, they ensured I was well-prepared. I didn't even notice how I ended up in the operating room. I woke up post-operation in the ward where my husband was waiting for me. The excellent surgeon, Levent Yalçın, conducted the surgery, accompanied me at all stages, and always answered questions. The staff at Group Florence Nightingale Hospitals was very polite and responsive. They regularly checked on my well-being, measured blood pressure, and temperature. The conditions in the room were like a 5-star hotel, or even better, with additional amenities available in the restroom for patients. I would also like to thank Alisher, the international department coordinator, for his kindness and responsiveness, and interpreter Darya for her support and assistance in communicating with the doctors and staff.
Istanbul Florence Nightingale HospitalAli Levent Yalchin
Rashed Alhosani • Consultation with an orthopaedist
United Arab Emirates
Feb 10, 2024
Verified review.
In 8 days I felt better and I don't need surgical operation
I like the treatment , staff , environment. Special thanks for Hussein , Melih , and all staff I can’t remember the names . I recommend this hospital for all . Daily they made for me more than 10-12 session . They used all technology and staff to let me feel better . I had some special services massage , daily Hotel transport, and hotel discount . I can’t express all but thanks a lot in 8 days I felt better and I don’t need surgical operation . Will visit again inshallah .
About Bookimed service
Perfect they follow all my needs
Fizyomer Terapia Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation & Aesthetic & Dental Medical Center
Catherine • CO2 Laser Treatment
United States of America
Jul 15, 2026
Verified review.
I booked specifically a CO2 laser facial and was told by the Dr. that she does not do them this time of year. She said she would do a treatment to make my face glow and give youth. They were fillers. I did not want fillers. She did botox, removed a few lines on my nose. I insisted I would stay out of the sun and to please do the CO2 laser because that is why I flew that far for treatment. She asked what day I left and was going to do it the day before. I returned a second day for the CO2 treatment. She says it was new technology when I asked why I'm not seeing the same redness as I had on photos I had seen online. There is zero evidence that a CO2 laser facial has been done. There was no redness, no irritation, no healing but most of all no change in my skin's texture whatsoever. I truly feel like I was charged $2000 for lies. With everything I spent including hotel, flight and "treatments" I spent over $4000.
Quartz Hospital
Tat'yana • Consultation with an orthopaedist
United Kingdom
May 9, 2026
Verified review.
They all deserve top marks
Strange as it may sound, my overall rating is zero. That said, I can’t say a single bad word about either the surgeon or the clinic staff. They all deserve top marks. The doctor was very attentive and professional, and the support team did everything they could to help. The problem isn’t with the people. The problem is that the outcome of the consultation and what followed completely overshadowed all the positive impressions, leaving me in a very difficult situation during the recovery phase. The service was good, but the result was not.
Qualifications of doctors and medical staff
Online answers to questions It takes a very long time
Memorial Şişli Hospital
Anonymous • Hip replacement
May 7, 2026
Verified review.
Thanks to the successful operation, I started walking without a limp almost as soon as I tried doing so without crutches
Before the operation, I was most worried about a possible difference in leg length, but now they feel exactly the same. The operation was performed via an anterior approach using a Stryker implant. A huge thank you to the wonderful doctor, Professor Olcay Güler. He is always positive, a pleasure to talk to, and uses modern techniques as well as robotic surgery for procedures like this. Direct anterior access is the best option for those who want a faster and better recovery, and there are very few specialists who use this modern method. On the 7th day after the operation, I had already started walking without crutches, even though I hadn’t rushed my recovery; the doctors do recommend walking with crutches for two weeks. Thanks to the successful operation, I started walking without a limp almost as soon as I tried doing so without crutches. I should note that I deliberately didn’t walk with just one crutch; I used both, but walked with them using the Nordic walking technique with poles. I think this also helped me avoid limping straight away. If anyone needs joint replacement surgery, I highly recommend Professor Olcay Güler and the Memorial Şişli Clinic; a good doctor is the key to a successful return to normal life. And of course, a huge thank you to the Bookimed team and personally to coordinator Sergey, who patiently selected the clinic and doctor for me! In the early stages of recovery, the hardest thing for me is getting in and out of the car. A tip for future patients: prepare comfortable trousers without elastic at the bottom in advance, slip-on shoes, and a special device for putting on compression garments and socks – a butler or glider – will also come in very handy, but only if you’re doing everything without assistance.
A huge thank you to the wonderful doctor, Professor Olcay Güler. He always has a positive attitude, is a pleasure to talk to, and uses modern techniques as well as robotic surgery for procedures of this kind. Direct anterior approach is the best solution for those who want a faster and better recovery, and there are very few specialists who practise this modern method. On the 7th day after the operation, I had already started walking without crutches, even though I hadn’t rushed my recovery; the doctors do recommend walking with crutches for two weeks. Thanks to the successful operation, I started walking without a limp almost immediately after trying to do so without crutches on the 7th day. I also made a point of not walking with just one crutch; I used both, but walked with them in the style of Nordic walking with poles. I think this also helped me avoid limping straight away. If anyone needs joint replacement surgery, I highly recommend Professor Olcay Güler and the Memorial Şişli Clinic; a good doctor is the key to a successful return to normal life. And of course, a huge thank you to the Bookimed team and personally to coordinator Sergey, who patiently helped me find the right clinic and doctor!
There are no downsides, just one suggestion: to produce a short leaflet for the clinic’s patients setting out post-operative restrictions, initial exercises, and exercises for further rehabilitation six weeks later, when most restrictions will have been lifted.
Memorial Şişli HospitalOlcay Guler
Нурлан Чормаков • Hip replacement
Kazakhstan
Apr 25, 2024
Verified review.
I am very satisfied with the choice of this clinic
At the Turan Turan Clinic, I had total hip replacement surgeries on both legs almost simultaneously, two days apart. The operation was categorised as complicated. From the very first days of my stay in the clinic until my discharge I was really surrounded by sincere care and attention of the doctor and medical staff and interpreter. I was placed in a very comfortable ward with everything I needed. The interpreter and assistant in the person of Eldar did not leave me a step and helped with translation, consulted, gave useful advice and literally led me by the hand to the doctors where I was examined, from the X-ray room to the anaesthesiologist before the operation. Preparation for the operation, collection of analyses, their study and consultation with doctor Kayhan Turan took little time. Everything went promptly. The surgery was performed by the head doctor Kayhan Turan himself, who has vast experience in orthopaedic surgeries. With his light hand and high level of professionalism, the two surgeries two days apart were very easy. Smith & Nephew prostheses were fitted. Both operations were performed under spinal anaesthesia, which in my case completely eliminated the unpleasant stage of coming out of anaesthesia. I was conscious during the operations. Subsequent rehabilitation took place in a hospital ward, where special medical simulators were used along with exercises to develop the joint and vessels. I am very satisfied with the choice of this clinic.
About Bookimed service
Thank you Bookimed for the quality and prompt selection of the right clinic in accordance with the quality-price criterion. I was immediately offered several real offers to choose from, constant communication gave me hope for a speedy recovery. Very attentive staff. Thank you !!!!
Turan Turan Health GroupKayhan Turan
Maryna Bajer • Hand surgery
Germany
Oct 14, 2023
Verified review.
Thanks a lot to the great team!
I had to do an operation of the fracture of my little finger that happened during vacation in the South of Turkey. The organization was supported by Alisher Durdiyev and was very quick and helpful, even during the late evening. The surgery could be organized very quickly, the doctor Levent Yalcin, one of the rare hand surgeons, was extremely good, could incorporate my wishes and I was back with my family very quickly. The teams of nurses and doctors in the hospital was very good. Thanks a lot to the great team!
Istanbul Florence Nightingale HospitalAli Levent Yalchin
Anonymous • Robotic knee replacement surgery
United States of America
Apr 23, 2026
Verified review.
The clinic facilities and the general staff were solid
If a friend asked about robotic knee replacement, I'd start with this: understand your whole body's situation first. For me, I’ve realized I need both hips revision, not just the knee, and that has a big impact on my overall progress. The clinic facilities and the general staff were solid. They were helpful. My main challenge is currently my walking distance. While the staff were supportive, my interactions with the surgeon felt a bit lacking, and I think that aspect could have been better. It’s a serious process with many moving parts to consider.
Memorial Şişli Hospital
Dar'ya • Arthroscopic surgery
Georgia
Feb 14, 2026
Verified review.
I am completely satisfied with the treatment and grateful to the entire team for their professionalism and care
I was very impressed with the clinic and the attentive care given to patients. Special thanks to Dr. Rukhat Tanli—an knowledgeable, professional, and highly compassionate specialist. Anesthesia was administered smoothly, and recovery was comfortable. The staff is friendly and caring, and the clinic is modern and clean. I would also like to specifically thank coordinator Olga for her assistance, support, and translation guidance—thanks to her, the entire process was calm and organized. I am completely satisfied with the treatment and grateful to the entire team for their professionalism and care.
I was highly impressed with the clinic and their approach to patients. Special thanks to Dr. Rukhat Tanli — a knowledgeable, attentive, and professional specialist. The anesthesia was smooth, and the recovery was comfortable. The staff is very friendly and caring, with a calm atmosphere. The clinic is modern and clean. I am completely satisfied with the treatment and grateful to the entire team for their help and support.
About Bookimed service
Everything is great, thank you.
Lokman Hekim Istanbul HospitalRuhat Tanli
David Coombes • Hip replacement
Feb 26, 2026
Verified review.
I found the surgical staff and nurses in operating theatre to be extremely understanding and helpful. I was happy with the surgical procedure but would have liked a little more post-op feedback from the surgeon. Overall, though I was more than satisfied. Unfortunately the same cannot be said about the treatment which I received from the nursing staff, especially at night, although I subsequently found out that they are very short staffed while not having at least one English speaking nurse on duty day or night.
Procedure was very good on the day of surgery. Friendly and helpful medical coordinator Friendly nurses during the day. However there was not even one English speaking nurse during every day and every night. The only means of communicating was by phone translator which became tiresome and frustrating.
There needs to be better understanding between the nursing staff and patients. Despite best efforts it all became overwhelming and frustrating. I don’t know why but it was difficult to inform the staff that I was vegetarian. Twice I needed to change the capither myself - seemingly because nurses see it below their station so need to find a nursing assistant to empty the capither bag. To summarise - the medical coordinator was extremely helpful; the care and help by surgical staff and theatre nursing staff was very good. However the treatment from many of the nurses left something to be desired.
About Bookimed service
Helpful and understanding with good communication and follow up service. I was extremely satisfied with the empathy and help from Yasmina, Bookimed’s medical coordinator.
Büyük Anadolu Hospitals (BAH International)
claudine heilig • Osteoarthritis
France
Mar 6, 2026
Verified review.
In my situation, this care truly gave me hope again
I came to Istanbul for intensive medical care with a complex case involving multiple conditions. Thanks to Bookimed and my French-speaking coordinator Fidan and her colleague, everything was organized flawlessly. They truly went above and beyond, adapting my care to my evolving needs with great responsiveness and compassion. From the moment I arrived at Florence Nightingale Hospital, everything was handled with remarkable efficiency: I consulted 7 specialist professors in one day, followed by comprehensive tests (full-body MRI, CT scan, EMG, blood tests) over the next few days. In less than a week, I had a complete diagnosis and all treatments in place. The medical team is exceptionally professional — both highly skilled and genuinely caring. Each professor took the time to explain the results and treatment options. I now receive monthly follow-ups with my specialists. The service goes far beyond medical care: the hospital provides daily transportation for appointments, physiotherapy, and rehabilitation sessions. In France, I would have waited months just to get a first specialist appointment. Here, everything was done within days. I highly recommend Bookimed and Florence Nightingale Hospital without hesitation. In my situation, this care truly gave me hope again.
I arrived with a very complex and serious medical case, and I was impressed by the speed and efficiency of my care. In less than a week, I consulted 7 specialist professors, all necessary tests were completed (full-body MRI, CT, EMG, comprehensive blood work), and my treatments are now in place with monthly follow-ups by the professors. On top of that, the hospital provides daily transport for all my treatments: physiotherapy, rehabilitation, etc. An incredible service. Florence Nightingale is an excellent facility in every respect, both medically and humanly.
Apart from my visceral fear of needles, honestly, nothing. I even have a dedicated French-speaking coordinator. And a terrace café to enjoy a cappuccino in the sun inside the hospital. I have never been taken care of this well in my life.
About Bookimed service
Bookimed gave me access to excellent medical care in Istanbul that I could never have obtained so quickly in France. The compassionate support from Fidan and her team made all the difference at a time when I was feeling particularly vulnerable. I would recommend them without hesitation.
Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital
Marina • Surgical treatment of scoliosis
Aug 8, 2025
Verified review.
Doctors at the highest level
PLUSES Doctors at the highest level...professionalism, attention, responsibility felt during the whole stay...nothing unnecessary was said...no promises were made that could not be realised later...we were very satisfied with the results of their work.... Medical equipment may not be the latest models, but the penultimate certainly ... The food is very tasty... The facilities in the ward create a comfortable stay... The location of the clinic is good... Many hotels of different categories within walking distance..... MINUSES The medical staff and service staff (cleaning of the ward) wish to be better...the clinic needs a little more review of the process of care of medical staff for patients...at night when the patient before surgery or after surgery should gain strength and rest, begins frequent going to the room...then the temperature to measure, then the pressure, then remembering about the drip to connect the next or remove the forgotten.... Another disadvantage is the proposal-proform with an indication of what services are included in the paid amount, and which are not ... I would like a more specific list...taking into account that the treatment plan has changed, the amount to be paid has also changed, and there is always a question whether it is paid or whether it is necessary to pay additionally...which causes inconvenience and worries "whether you have enough money".... The general impression of the clinic was good...despite the disadvantages.....
Professionalism of the medical team
Nursing and housekeeping.
About Bookimed service
Very grateful to Stanislav...all questions were always answered in a short period of time..... any misunderstandings that arose were resolved quickly.....
Memorial Ataşehir Hospital
Anonymous • Orthopedic Rehabilitation
Egypt
Aug 22, 2026
Verified review.
Unfortunately, it was a very, very unsuccessful experience, and their only goal is money, not treatment. The doctors are completely unprofessional, and I was exploited.
Hisar Hospital Intercontinental
Volodymyr Kopysov Kopysov • Ankylosing spondylitis
Ukraine
Oct 16, 2025
Verified review.
I am satisfied with everything
He completed a two-week rehabilitation course. I improved my condition, I am satisfied with everything. The staff are professionals. Special thanks to Kenan for his support and resolution of all issues. I liked the treatment programme. With my diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis, it was possible to improve the condition of my spine and partially restore mobility. I recommend it, I will come back again.
schedule, treatment, staff
-
Fizyomer Terapia Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation & Aesthetic & Dental Medical Center

Hallux valgus surgery: Before & after photos

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Updated: 08/31/2026
Authored by
Anna Leonova
Anna Leonova
Head of Content Marketing Team
A certified medical writer with 10+ years of experience, developed Bookimed’s trusted content, backed by a Master’s in Philology and medical expert interviews worldwide.
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Reviewed by Bookimed Medical Advisor
Fahad Mawlood
Medical Editor & Data Scientist
General practitioner. Winner of 4 scientific awards. Served in Western Asia. Former Team Leader of a medical team supporting Arabic-speaking patients. Now responsible for data processing and medical content accuracy.
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This page may feature information relating to various medical conditions, treatments, and healthcare services available in different countries. Please be advised that the content is provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as medical advice or guidance. Please consult with your doctor or a qualified medical professional before starting or changing medical treatment.

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