What Are Zygomatic Implants?
Zygomatic implants are long dental implants anchored into the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) rather than the jawbone. They are used primarily for patients with significant bone loss in the upper jaw to support dental prosthetics without the need for bone grafting. Zygomatic implants show a 96% cumulative success rate for severe maxillary atrophy, demonstrating their safety and efficacy over 5 years.
👉Did you know? Zygomatic implants trace their origins to Swedish professor Per-Ingvar Brånemark, who discovered osseointegration in the 1950s. His groundbreaking research enabled the development of dental implants for patients with severe bone loss.
What Types Of Zygomatic Dental Implants Are There?
🦷Zygomatic dental implants are primarily classified based on the technique used for their placement and the specific needs of the patient's anatomy. Here are the main types:
🔩Classic Zygomatic Implants
This is the original technique where one or two implants are placed in the zygomatic bone. The implant extends from the area of the missing posterior teeth, anchoring into the cheekbone.
➤This method is typically used when significant bone loss precludes the placement of regular dental implants in the upper jaw.
Pros Cons
Provides a solution for severe bone loss without bone grafts. Involves a complex surgical procedure.
Allows for immediate loading and function. Higher risk of sinusitis due to proximity to the sinus.
High success rate and durability. Requires specialized surgical expertise.
🔩Quad Zygomatic Implants
This technique involves placing four zygomatic implants—two on each side of the upper jaw.
➤This approach can offer a full-arch rehabilitation solution for patients with little to no bone without needing bone grafting.
Pros | Cons |
Offers support for extreme cases of bone loss. | More invasive, with a higher potential for zygomatic implants complications. |
Suitable for full-arch restoration. | Requires a highly skilled surgeon and precise planning. |
Provides firm anchorage with four implants. | Higher cost due to the number of implants and complexity. |
🔩Extra-Sinus Zygomatic Implants
In this variation, the implant passes along the outside of the sinus cavity rather than going through it.
➤This method can reduce the risk of sinus-related complications and is chosen based on the patient's anatomical conditions and sinus health.
Pros | Cons |
Avoids penetrating the sinus, reducing sinus-related complications. | Surgical precision is critical to prevent soft tissue complications. |
Suitable for patients with sinus issues. | It may require additional soft tissue management. |
It can be used when sinus health is compromised. | Limited by facial anatomy and thickness of the zygomatic bone. |
🔩Intra-Sinus Zygomatic Implants
This approach involves placing the implant through the sinus, taking advantage of the existing bone structure for support.
➤It's used when there's enough bone between the alveolar crest and the sinus floor to support the implant's path.
Pros | Cons |
Utilizes existing bone between the crest and sinus floor. | Risk of sinus complications if not handled correctly. |
Effective for moderate bone loss where some sinus bone is available. | Potential for sinus infection or inflammation. |
Direct anchorage into bone enhances stability. | It is not suitable for patients with certain sinus conditions. |
❗Each type of zygomatic implant is chosen based on specific clinical conditions, the extent of bone loss, and the patient's overall treatment goals.
What Are the Benefits of Zygomatic Implants?
Zygomatic implants offer several significant benefits, especially for patients with severe upper jaw bone loss who cannot use traditional dental implants. Here are the key advantages:
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🦴Avoidance of bone grafts. Zygomatic implants eliminate the need for bone grafting, speeding up the treatment process and reducing discomfort.
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🚀Immediate loading. These implants allow for the immediate attachment of prosthetic teeth, providing quick improvements in function and appearance.
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🙌High success rate. With success rates over 95%, zygomatic implants are a reliable and durable solution for oral rehabilitation.
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🗣Enhanced oral function. They provide excellent stability for prosthetic teeth, improving chewing ability and overall oral function.
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🤗Improved aesthetics. Zygomatic implants help maintain facial structure and prevent the sunken look associated with significant bone loss, enhancing facial aesthetics.
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😁Psychological benefits. The immediate improvement in oral function and aesthetics boosts patients' self-esteem and quality of life.
👉Did you know? Zygomatic implants are named after the zygomatic bone, also known as the cheekbone, which forms the prominence of the cheek.
Who Is a Good Candidate for Zygomatic Dental Implants?
🔩Zygomatic dental implants are an advanced solution designed for individuals who cannot use traditional implants due to severe upper jaw bone loss. Here's a quick overview of who makes a good candidate for this type of implant:
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Patients with severe maxillary atrophy.
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Individuals with previous implant failures.
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Those are seeking immediate results.
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Patients are unable to undergo bone grafts.
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Individuals are aiming for improved aesthetics and functionality.
A detailed consultation with a dental specialist is essential for anyone considering this option to determine the suitability of zygomatic implants based on their specific oral health needs and medical history. At Bookimed, you can receive a free consultation from our medical coordinator, who will assist you with any questions that may arise.
How Much Do Zygomatic Implants Cost?
The cost of zygomatic implants can vary significantly depending on the country and the clinic where the procedure is performed. Despite lower prices in countries like the Dominican Republic, Turkey, and Poland, the quality of care and success rates are comparable to those in more expensive countries like the UK and the United States. Clinics in these countries often adhere to international standards set by organizations such as the Joint Commission International (JCI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). These accreditations ensure that clinics follow stringent safety, hygiene, and patient care protocols.
For instance, the average zygomatic implants price in the Dominican Republic is $1,500, with prices ranging from $550 to $2,500. In Turkey, the average cost of zygomatic dental implants is $1,900, with a range of $1,600 to $2,200, while in Poland, it’s also $1,500, ranging from $550 to $2,500.In comparison, the average zygomatic dental implants cost in the United States rises to $7,000, ranging from $4,000 to $10,000.
💲This disparity in costs is mainly due to differences in the cost of living, economic factors, and healthcare systems rather than a compromise in the quality of care. Studies have shown that clinics in these more affordable countries have success rates for zygomatic implants that often exceed 95%, with many adhering to international healthcare standards and receiving positive patient reviews.
Country | Average price | Minimum price | Maximum price |
Dominican Republic | $1,500 | $550 | $2,500 |
Turkey | $1,900 | $1,600 | $2,200 |
Poland | $1,500 | $550 | $2,500 |
United States | $7,000 | $4,000 | $10,000 |
What’s Included at the Base Price for the Zygomatic Dental Implants Procedure?
💰The base price for zygomatic dental implants generally includes:
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initial consultation;
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diagnostic imaging;
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treatment planning
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implant surgery
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temporary prosthetics
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post-surgical care
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final prosthesis.
💸The zygomatic implant cost can be significantly lower in countries like the Dominican Republic, Turkey, and Poland compared to the United Kingdom and the United States while maintaining high-quality care and success rates. For example, the average cost of zygomatic implants in Turkey is approximately 3.7 times cheaper than in the United States, where the average cost is $7,000. The cost of zygomatic arch implants in these countries is competitive, making them attractive destinations for those considering the cost of full mouth zygomatic implants.
📦All-Inclusive Packages
Many clinics offer all-inclusive packages for zygomatic dental implants. These packages often include transportation to and from the airport, accommodation during the treatment period, and sometimes even meals. These all-inclusive deals are especially beneficial for international patients. By bundling these services, clinics can offer competitive zygomatic implant price packages that cover all aspects of the patient's stay.
Why Do Zygomatic Dental Implants Affect the Total Price When Everything Else Is Included?
Zygomatic dental implants significantly affect the total price of the procedure due to several factors:
🔩Specialized Implant Cost
Zygomatic implants are longer and more complex than regular dental implants, designed to anchor into the zygomatic bone (cheekbone). This specialized design increases the manufacturing cost, which in turn raises the overall cost of the procedure.
⚕️Complex Surgical Procedure
The surgical procedure for placing zygomatic implants is more complex and requires a higher level of expertise compared to standard dental implants.
🧪Advanced Diagnostic and Planning Tools
The use of advanced diagnostic tools such as 3D CT scans and computer-guided surgery systems is essential for planning and executing the placement of zygomatic implants. These technologies ensure accurate placement and integration but add to the overall cost of the procedure.
🏥Higher Risk and Post-Surgical Care
Due to the Complexity of the procedure and the critical anatomical structures involved, there is a higher risk of complications. This necessitates more extensive post-surgical care and follow-up appointments to ensure proper healing and integration, which increases the overall cost.
🦷Customization and Quality Materials
Zygomatic implants are often custom-made for each patient to ensure the best fit and function. High-quality materials are used to manufacture these implants, further adding to the cost.
Where Can One Find Cheap Zygomatic Dental Implants?
If a patient is looking for affordable yet high-quality zygomatic dental implants, several countries offer competitive prices without compromising on care standards. Notably, the Dominican Republic, Turkey, and Poland are popular destinations for this procedure. For example, each year, over 150,000 travelers visit Turkey to receive dental care. Here’s a detailed overview:
- 🏝️Dominican Republic. The average zygomatic implant cost reaches $1,500 (ranging from $550 to $2,500).
The Dominican Republic offers high-quality dental care at significantly lower prices due to lower living costs and favorable economic conditions. Many clinics are accredited by international organizations such as the American Association for Accreditation of Ambulatory Surgery Facilities (AAAASF).
- 🕌 Turkey. Average zygomatic arch implants cost in Turkey is $1,900 (ranging from $1,600 to $2,200)
Turkey is renowned for its advanced medical facilities and experienced dental professionals. The cost of zygomatic dental implants is substantially lower compared to the US and Europe, primarily due to lower operational costs. Many Turkish clinics are accredited by the Joint Commission International (JCI).
- 🏰 Poland. The average cost of zygomatic dental implants in Poland reaches $1,500 (ranging from $550 to $2,500)
Poland boasts modern dental clinics with highly trained specialists. The lower cost of living and healthcare services allows for competitive pricing while maintaining high treatment standards. Many clinics in Poland are ISO 9001 certified, ensuring international quality management standards.
What Are the Zygomatic Implants Pros and Cons?
Zygomatic implants are known for their ability to restore dental function and aesthetics immediately. However, the procedure's Complexity demands a skilled surgeon and may incur higher cost of zygomatic dental implants. Below is a table summarizing the primary benefits and considerations:
✔️Benefits | ❌Considerations |
No bone grafting required. | Requires specialized surgical expertise. |
Immediate functionality with prosthetic attachment. | Higher cost than traditional implants. |
High success rate (over 95%). | Potential risk of sinus-related complications. |
Rapid improvement in aesthetics and oral function. | Possible post-surgical sensitivity in the cheek region. |
What Is the Difference Between Regular Dental Implants and Zygomatic Implants?
Regular dental implants and zygomatic implants are both used for tooth replacement but differ significantly in their design, application, and suitability for patients with varying dental conditions.
🦷Anchoring and Structure
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Regular Dental Implants. These implants are typically made of titanium and are designed to mimic the root of a tooth. They are inserted into the jawbone and serve as a sturdy base for artificial teeth such as crowns, bridges, or dentures. The success of these implants heavily relies on the availability and quality of the jawbone to provide sufficient support.
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Zygomatic Implants. Much longer than regular implants, zygomatic implants are anchored in the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) rather than the jawbone. This allows them to be used in patients with significant bone loss in the upper jaw who are unable to receive conventional implants without extensive bone grafting.
Feature | Regular dental implants | Zygomatic implants |
Structure | Shorter, anchored in the jawbone. | Longer, anchored in the zygomatic bone (cheekbone). |
Indications for use | Suitable for patients with good bone density. | Designed for patients with severe upper jaw bone loss. |
Surgical complexity | Less complex can be performed under local anesthesia. | More complex, often requires specialized surgical skills. |
Cost | Generally more affordable. Starts at $400 in Turkey | More expensive due to surgical complexity.Starts at $550 in Turkey |
Recovery | Straightforward recovery with minor discomfort. | Potentially longer recovery with more discomfort. |
Longevity | Can last a lifetime with proper care. | Similar longevity is used in more challenging conditions. |
Is Zygomatic Implants Lower Jaw Placement Possible?
❗Zygomatic implants are specifically designed for placement in the upper jaw, particularly in the zygomatic bone, part of the cheekbone structure. This design is due to the unique challenges of bone loss often encountered in the upper jaw that are not typically present in the lower jaw. Choosing zygomatic implants for bottom teeth is not an option.
Other solutions are usually considered more appropriate for the lower jaw, where bone density and volume may also be compromised. These can include traditional dental implants with or without bone grafting or, in more severe cases, alternative specialized implants such as basal implants, which use the denser bone structures available in different parts of the jaw. Contact a Bookimed specialist to receive free assistance in determining the best procedure for you.
What Is the Zygomatic Implant Placement Procedure Like?
The placement of zygomatic implants is a specialized surgical procedure typically performed by an oral and maxillofacial surgeon or a highly trained implant dentist. Here’s an overview of the process:
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🔬Pre-surgical assessment.
The procedure begins with a thorough consultation, during which the surgeon takes detailed medical and dental histories. Advanced imaging techniques, such as 3D CT scans, assess the anatomy of the patient's jaw and zygomatic bones to plan the precise placement of the implants.
✔️A personalized treatment plan is developed, considering the patient's specific anatomical conditions.
😴Anesthesia
The surgery is usually performed under general anesthesia or intravenous sedation to ensure the patient is comfortable and pain-free during the procedure.
🧑🏻⚕️Surgical procedure
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The surgeon incurs the gum tissue to expose the underlying bone.
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The zygomatic implants are carefully inserted into the zygomatic bone through the maxillary sinus, avoiding critical anatomical structures.
The length and angle of the implants are specifically designed to anchor securely in the cheekbone.
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In some cases, additional traditional implants may be placed in the front part of the jaw for extra support.
🔩Attachment of prosthesis
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A temporary prosthesis can be attached right after the surgery, allowing the patient to leave with functional teeth.
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After a healing period of a few months, during which the implants integrate with the bone (osseointegration), the temporary prosthesis is replaced with a permanent one.
🪥Post-surgical care
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Post-surgical care involves managing any swelling or discomfort, typically with prescribed medications. The patient will have follow-up appointments to monitor healing and ensure the implants are integrating correctly.
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Maintaining good oral hygiene is crucial to prevent Infection and ensure long-term success.
How Long Is the Stay Required for a Zygomatic Dental Implant Procedure?
Generally, patients should plan to stay for about one week for the initial phase of the procedure, but this can vary based on several factors, such as the number of implants, the need for additional procedures, and the overall treatment complexity.
Preparation | 1 day |
Visits required | 2-3 visits |
Admission | Not required |
Stay in a hotel | 2-5 days |
Entire stay in the country | Up to 5 days |
❗Extended Stay for Complex Cases
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Cases involving full-mouth restorations or additional procedures may require a more extended stay.
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Traveling Patients: Patients traveling from afar may need to stay for about a week to ensure adequate post-surgical care and stability before returning home.
How Long Do Zygomatic Implants Last?
Zygomatic implants are designed for long-term durability and can last a lifetime with proper care and maintenance. Thanks to their robust titanium construction and effective osseointegration with the zygomatic bone, they boast a high success rate of over 95%, comparable to traditional dental implants.
✅To maximize their lifespan, patients should maintain good oral hygiene through regular:
- brushing;
- flossing;
- dental check-ups
- avoid harmful habits like smoking.
❗Routine dental visits are essential for monitoring the implants' health and addressing any issues promptly, ensuring that zygomatic implants remain a reliable solution for those with severe upper jaw bone loss for many years.
What Is the Zygomatic Implants Recovery Time?
❗The recovery time for zygomatic implants varies depending on individual cases and the Complexity of the procedure. While patients can resume many normal activities within a week, complete recovery, including the fusion of the implants with the bone, takes several months.
🕔Immediate post-surgery
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First Few Days. Patients may experience swelling, bruising, and discomfort, which can be managed with prescribed medications. Soft foods are recommended during this initial period.
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1 Week. Most swelling and bruising subside within the first week. Patients can typically resume normal activities, avoiding strenuous exercise.
🕔Short-term recovery
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2-4 Weeks. The gums and soft tissues heal significantly during this period. Follow-up visits are essential to monitor healing progress and ensure no complications.
🕔Long-term recovery
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3-6 Months. This period involves osseointegration, where the implants fuse with the zygomatic bone. Patients are advised to maintain good oral hygiene and attend regular check-ups to ensure proper integration.
What Is the Aftercare Process Like Following Zygomatic Dental Implant Surgery?
The aftercare process following zygomatic dental implant surgery is crucial for ensuring successful healing and long-term implant stability.
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💊Medication. Patients are prescribed pain relievers and antibiotics to manage discomfort and prevent Infection. It's essential to take these medications as directed.
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🍽️Diet. Soft foods and liquids are recommended for the first few days to avoid stressing the surgical sites. Avoid hot, spicy, or crunchy foods that could irritate the area.
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🪥Oral hygiene. Gentle brushing and rinsing with a prescribed antiseptic mouthwash help maintain cleanliness around the surgical sites. Avoid vigorous rinsing or spitting to prevent disrupting the healing process.
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🤸♀️Activity level. Rest is important during the initial recovery phase. Avoid strenuous activities and exercise to minimize the risk of complications.
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👨🏻⚕️Follow-up appointments: Patients usually have a follow-up appointment within the first week to assess healing and remove any sutures if necessary.
Is Zygomatic Implant Placement Major Surgery?
Yes, zygomatic implant placement is considered a major surgery due to its complexity and the required specialized expertise. The procedure requires a highly skilled oral and maxillofacial surgeon or specialized implant dentist due to advanced techniques. Bookimed cooperates only with certified, experienced dentists. You can view their profiles on the website.
Here are the key reasons why it is classified as major surgery:
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💉Surgical process. Performed under general anesthesia or intravenous sedation, the procedure involves incisions and drilling into the zygomatic bone, typically taking several hours.
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🕒Recovery and aftercare. Involves managing swelling, bruising, and discomfort, with an extended healing period for osseointegration, requiring regular follow-up visits.
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⚠Risks. Includes potential complications such as Infection, sinus issues, and zygomatic implant failure, necessitating meticulous planning and execution.
Despite being a major surgery, zygomatic implants provide a viable solution for patients with severe upper jaw bone loss, offering significant benefits with proper care and planning.
Are Zygomatic Implants Safe?
Yes, zygomatic implants are generally considered safe and effective for patients with severe upper jaw bone loss. However, like any surgical procedure, there are potential risks and considerations. Zygomatic implants have a success rate of 94.1% to 100%, while regular implants have a success rate of 91.25% to 100%.
Patients can significantly enhance the safety and success of their zygomatic implant procedure by:
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selecting a qualified specialist;
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undergoing comprehensive evaluations;
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adhering to care instructions
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Maintaining regular follow-up visits.
What Zygomatic Dental Implant Brands Do Dentists Use?
Several reputable brands are known for their high standards and the reliability of their products:
Brand | Products | Features |
Nobel Biocare | NobelZygoma | Precision engineering, advanced design, durability, and ease of integration. |
Straumann | Straumann Zygomatic Implant System | Robust system, strength, reliable osseointegration. |
Southern Implants | Southern Implants Zygomatic Implants | Innovative designs, high success rates in complex cases with significant bone loss. |
Implant Direct | ReActive Zygomatic Implants | Affordable, high-quality, effective solutions for zygomatic implant surgery. |
MegaGen | AnyRidge Zygomatic Implants | Cutting-edge technology, optimal bone preservation, and stability. |
Despite the lower zygomatic dental implant price abroad, many dental clinics use these reputable brands due to economic differences, allowing them to offer high-quality treatments at more affordable prices. Bookimed works only with clinics that use approved, high-quality materials.
Are There Any Potential Complications with Zygomatic Implants?
Discussing these risks with a dental professional and following their guidance is essential for a successful outcome.
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❕ Infection. There is a risk of Infection at the implant site, which can be minimized by maintaining strict oral hygiene and taking prescribed antibiotics.
✅Regular follow-up appointments are crucial to monitor for any signs of Infection early.
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❕Sinus issues. Due to the proximity of the implants to the sinus cavities, there is a potential for sinusitis or other sinus-related problems.
✅This risk is significantly reduced through careful surgical planning and advanced imaging techniques to avoid penetration of the sinus membrane.
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❕Implant failure. The failure rate of zygomatic implants is around 0.69%.
✅ Ensuring good bone quality and following all post-surgical care instructions can help reduce this risk.
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❕Nerve damage. There is a risk of nerve damage, resulting in numbness or pain in the affected area.
✅This complication can be minimized by using detailed pre-surgical imaging to map out nerve pathways and employing precise surgical techniques.
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❕Prolonged healing time. Healing may take longer than expected, especially if the patient does not adhere to post-surgical care guidelines.
✅Following all care instructions, maintaining good oral hygiene, and attending all scheduled follow-up appointments will support healing.
Who Should Not Get Zygomatic Implants?
Not everyone is a suitable candidate for the zygomatic implant procedure. Several factors and health conditions can contraindicate using zygomatic implants, making it essential to carefully evaluate each patient's situation before proceeding.
❌The procedure might not be the best option in the following cases:
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Insufficient zygomatic bone
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Poor general health (e.g., uncontrolled diabetes, autoimmune diseases)
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Ongoing infections in the mouth or sinuses
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Poor oral hygiene
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Severe sinus issues
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Substance abuse (e.g., alcohol, drugs, heavy smoking)
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Pregnancy
Are Zygomatic Implants Covered by Insurance?
⚕️ Coverage can vary between dental and medical insurance plans. Some dental insurance plans may cover a portion of the implant cost, while medical insurance might cover it if the procedure is related to a medical condition or surgery. Here are some key points to consider:
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Medical necessity. Insurance companies are more likely to cover zygomatic implants if they are deemed medically necessary. This can include situations where the implants are required due to severe bone loss, trauma, or congenital conditions that prevent the use of traditional implants.
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Pre-authorization. Many insurance providers require pre-authorization for implant procedures. This means a dentist or an oral surgeon must submit a treatment plan and justification for the procedure to the insurance company for approval before the surgery.
❗Even if the procedure is covered, there may be limits on how much the insurance will pay. A patient may still be responsible for a portion of the cost, such as deductibles, co-pays, or any amount exceeding the coverage limit. Insurance companies might require patients to try other treatments before approving Coverage for zygomatic implants. This could include attempting less expensive or less invasive procedures first.
✔️To determine if the insurance covers zygomatic implants, one should:
- Check the specific terms and coverage details of your insurance plan.
- Speak with your insurance company for detailed information about Coverage, pre-authorization requirements, and any potential out-of-pocket costs.
- Your dentist or oral surgeon can provide documentation and assist with the pre-authorization process, and they may also have experience with similar cases and insurance claims.
Are Zygomatic Implants Painful?
Zygomatic implants involve some discomfort following the surgery, but the pain is generally manageable with prescribed pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medications. During the procedure, anesthesia ensures that patients do not feel pain.
😌Most patients report significant pain reduction within the first few days, and proper aftercare helps ensure a smooth and relatively pain-free recovery.
How Do Zygomatic Implants Interact with Existing Dental Work?
Zygomatic implants are designed to integrate seamlessly with existing dental work, providing a stable foundation for additional prosthetics without disturbing current dental structures. They can support bridges or dentures, even if the patient has previous dental work. The implants anchor in the zygomatic bone, which avoids interference with existing teeth or implants in the jawbone.
Where Can One Find Zygomatic Dental Implants Reviews?
To find reviews for zygomatic dental implants on Bookimed, follow these steps:
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Bookimed website. Visit the Bookimed website for patient testimonials and reviews about zygomatic implants.
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Clinic profiles. Explore profiles of clinics offering zygomatic implants on Bookimed, often including reviews and ratings from previous patients.
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Patient stories. Check for detailed patient stories and case studies shared on the Bookimed platform and YouTube, highlighting individual experiences and outcomes.
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Bookimed social media. Follow Bookimed on social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram, where patients may share their experiences and reviews.
These resources on Bookimed will help you gather comprehensive reviews to make an informed decision about zygomatic dental implants. In addition, on the website you can find
zygomatic implants before and after pictures.
References
- Long-term treatment outcomes with zygomatic implants: a systematic review and meta-analysis / M. Brennand Roper et al. International Journal of Implant Dentistry. 2023. Vol. 9, no. 1. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-023-00479-x (date of access: 04.06.2024).
- Success Rates of Zygomatic Implants for the Rehabilitation of Severely Atrophic Maxilla: A Systematic Review / A. Solà Pérez et al. Dentistry Journal. 2022. Vol. 10, no. 8. P. 151. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/dj10080151 (date of access: 04.06.2024).
- Quad Zygomatic Implants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on Survival and Complications / K. Lan et al. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants. 2021. Vol. 36, no. 1. P. 21–29. URL: https://doi.org/10.11607/jomi.8417 (date of access: 04.06.2024).
- Extra-sinus Zygomatic Implants To Avoid Chronic Sinusitis and Prosthetic Arch Malposition: 12 Years of Experience / P. Aleksandrowicz et al. Journal of Oral Implantology. 2019. Vol. 45, no. 1. P. 73–78. URL: https://doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-18-00034 (date of access: 04.06.2024).
- Micro-computed tomography in preventive and restorative dental research: A review / M. Ghavami-Lahiji et al. Imaging Science in Dentistry. 2021. Vol. 51, no. 4. P. 341. URL: https://doi.org/10.5624/isd.20210087 (date of access: 04.06.2024).