Last updated: 11/12/2024

Best Clinics and Costs for Dental Treatment in Turkey 2024

Get Free Personalized Offer
820К+
patients have got assistance since 2014
50
countries
1,500
clinics
6K+
reviews
3K+
qualified doctors

Dental Treatment Video Stories from Bookimed Patients

David
"Who knew getting your teeth fixed could be a mini vacation?"
Procedure: Installation of a dental implant with crown
Igor
"It was great! Transfers, accommodation, treatment—all included."
Procedure: Dental implant

All Dental Treatment conditions

Your Benefits and Guarantees with Bookimed

Direct Prices

Bookimed does not add extra charges for Dental Treatment treatment prices. The rates come from the clinics' official price lists. You pay directly at the clinic for your treatment upon your arrival to the country.

Verified Clinics & Doctors Only

Bookimed is committed to your safety. We only work with medical institutions that maintain high international standards in Dental Treatment treatment and have the necessary licenses to serve international patients worldwide.

Free 24/7 Assistance

Bookimed offers free expert assistance. A personal medical coordinator supports you before, during, and after your treatment, solving any issues. You're never alone on your Dental Treatment treatment journey.

Why we?

Your personal Bookimed medical coordinator

  • Supports you at every stage
  • Helps choose the right clinic and doctor
  • Ensures quick and convenient access to information

What's the Cost for Dental Treatment procedures in Turkey?

The price is provided on request
Request the price

Best Dental Treatment Clinics in Turkey: 272 Verified Options and Prices

The Bookimed clinic ranking is based on data science algorithms, providing a trusted, transparent, and objective comparison. It takes into account patient demand, review scores (both positive and negative), the frequency of updates to treatment options and prices, response speed, and clinic certifications.
You’ve viewed 10 of 272 clinics

Get a Medical Assessment for Dental Treatment in Turkey: Select Your Expert from 615 Experienced Doctors

View all Doctors
verified
Susana Akdash
15 years of experience
  • Expert in Dental Treatment with focus on implantology and aesthetics.
  • Trained in Russia (SGU) and Turkey (Ege University), specializing in dentistry.
  • Utilizes high-tech methods: all-on-4/6/2 implants, veneers, and zirconia crowns.
  • Experienced in advanced treatments like smile design and Hollywood smile.
  • Attended IHDE Implants course and Digital Smile Design programs.
  • International practice includes seminars and congresses in dental advancements.
  • Has certifications in immediate loading implants and digital surgery solutions.
  • Member of TDB and TDA, key dental associations in Turkey.
  • Offers online consultations for patients with dental health concerns.
Get a free consultation
verified
Aylin Turan
24 years of experience
  • Specializes in Bleaching, Implants, Fillings, Veneers, and Prosthetics
  • Practiced internationally, enhancing dental treatment expertise
  • Member of the Academy of Esthetic Dentistry Association
  • Attained postgraduate qualifications in aesthetic dentistry
  • Graduated from Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry
  • Provides online consultations for dental treatment concerns
Get a free consultation
verified
Mithat Terzi
15 years of experience
Asst. Assoc. Dr. is a specialist in dental implant treatments, advanced implant surgery, periodontal plastic surgery, soft tissue surgery, microsurgery, 3D bone augmentations, minimally invasive sinus lifting treatments, digital smile design, botox, acupuncture, mesotherapy, bruxism treatment, TMJ and migraine treatment, and laser assisted dental treatments. He has an undergraduate degree in Dentistry from Atatürk University and expertise in Periodontology from Afyon Kocatepe University and Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University.
Get a free consultation
verified
Banu Onur Cakmakci
23 years of experience

Dr. X has a medical interest in aesthetic dentistry such as laminates, inlay-onlays, bleaching, and zirconium, as well as prosthetic therapies such as prosthesis over implant. He received his undergraduate education from the Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry and has received certificates from seminars, courses, and international congresses related to aesthetic dentistry, advanced implantology, porcelain laminated veneers, and smile design.

Get a free consultation

Reviews about Bookimed: Discover Patients' Insights

All reviews
David David • Consultation with a dentist
United Kingdom
Mar 16, 2024
Verified review.
Highly recommended
Professional and caring service, that delivered outstanding results. Reliable, efficient and couldn't fault the service provided, experience of staff and attention to detail. Highly recommended. You can book with 100% confidence. David (Malvern, Worcestershire, UK)
Outcome has given me my smile back !
There in nothing that I can fault......
About Bookimed service
First class service. 100% professional, honest and reliable. Can use with confidence.
Inga • Consultation with a dentist
Switzerland
Jan 14, 2024
Verified review.
Meticulous work was done
Meticulous work was done. My teeth are the same as they were when I was young. What can I add? It would not be bad if the clinic provided a hotel.... but this is a “detail” I am attaching a “before and after” photo
Final result
Liked everything. I would like the clinic to work with the hotel.
About Bookimed service
I was recommended a very good dental clinic. I even met movie stars there. I won’t say the name because their visit was “incognito.” I recommend it
Vlad • Dental Implant
Ukraine
Nov 24, 2023
Verified review.
Thank you for the detailed advice and answers to questions
Thank you for the detailed advice and answers to questions. Thank you for recommending the West Dent clinic in Izmir. I liked the service, the way the treatment was carried out and of course the price) I really liked that the bonus was a hotel room with breakfast + all transfers in Izmir + translators!
Дмитрий Семкив • Porcelain crown installation
Ukraine
Nov 2, 2023
Verified review.
I liked everything very much, the clinic itself, the staff, and the doctors
I liked everything very much, the clinic itself, the staff, and the doctors.... they did everything competently, clearly, quickly, attentively, in an organized manner. I’m happy with the result, thank you. I recommend it.
About Bookimed service
Installation of 28 pieces of zirconium crowns
Kimberlie Jackson • Dental Implant
United States of America
Oct 22, 2023
Verified review.
It was an experience my husband and I will never forget!!
Bookimed was so helpful and extremely nice. Everything they told me was to the detail accurate. I was very nervous about this because we’d never traveled that far before, just so many unknowns. But from the minute we were picked up from the airport we felt completely comfortable. Even with the language barrier, there were tons of laughs, smiles and hugs. It was an experience my husband and I will never forget!!
About Bookimed service
I was very nervous about this trip and had tons of questions, so I’m sure at times I was driving the young lady that helped me crazy, but never did she make me feel that way. She always answered me in a timely fashion. She would even call the dentist office with questions I had and she would let me know right away what they had to say. I’m usually not a very trusting person, but she helped me know that even though we’d never met I could completely trust her. It was an experience of a lifetime, and I would definitely use them again.
Inga • Tooth restoration (bonding)
Switzerland
Oct 14, 2023
Verified review.
The welcome
The welcome. magnificent! Very professional. No pain. Coffee. Drinks. Everyone smiling 😃 I'm waiting to go back (3 months) and share foto with you 🫶🫶🫶
Тимо • Veneers
Germany
Sep 14, 2023
Verified review.
I have never seen dental services of this level and service in Germany
Many thanks to the entire Team of the WestDent Izmir clinic, especially the Doctors, Administrators Natalie and Alina for their professionalism, clear logistics, and no delays before the appointment with the Doctor. And of course, many thanks and respect to the super-driver Erhan “Izmir Schumacher”. I have never seen dental services of this level and service in Germany.
Nikolai Eremenko • All-on-4 Dental Implants
Ukraine
Jul 30, 2023
Verified review.
Everything went at the highest level!
Good afternoon ! Everything went at the highest level! Great clinic, great staff! Top notch customer service! Nothing more to wish for)
About Bookimed service
Thanks to the Bukemed team! You are best !
Banata Akbari • Dental Implant
United Kingdom
Jun 5, 2023
Verified review.
I strongly recommend DENTAL BOSPHORUS for excellent dental treatment!
Dental Bosphorus is an excellent clinic for dental treatment thank you to Mustafa and Dr Mert. I went to them as I had been a victim of poor treatment from another clinic. Dental Bosphorus offered me a whole treatment plan and carefully explained what I would need to get done. I was treated by high skilled dentist such as Dr MERT! Who has been fantastic during this treatment! They removed my poor positioned implants and gave me bone grafting which was successful. They then gave me Emax bridges which look great. I strongly recommend DENTAL BOSPHORUS for excellent dental treatment! They also organized transportation from my hotel to the clinic and were extremely supportive and helpful very down to earth people! Thank you
About Bookimed service
I am extremely thankful to Maksym who provided me a lot support during my treatment. He ensured to answer all my questions and provided me with the support I needed at every moment. He tirelessly answered all of my worries and made sure that I receive the best treatment. He was in touch with the clinic and communicated throughout the process. Thank you Maksym for helping me during this difficult times and giving me the best clinic for my treatment.
Нина • Consultation with a dentist
Bulgaria
Jan 25, 2023
Verified review.
"I recommend to everyone!"
The doctors at the AEG clinic are all professionals, they explain everything in detail before and during the treatment. Excess is not advised. The prices correspond to the previously agreed. I recommend to everyone!

Related Articles

A Guide to Affordable Dental Crowns 2024

Written by Kateryna Zamkovska

Best countries for dental work

Written by Kateryna Zamkovska

Smile makeover prices worldwide

Written by Ana Hurevska

How Much Do Emax Veneers Cost in 2024?

Written by Mariia Mytrofankina

Content meets the Bookimed Editorial Policy and is medically reviewed by
Author
Anna Leonova
Head of Content Marketing Team
Updated: 3/16/2024
The content accuracy and quality have been checked by Bookimed Medical Advisory Board
This page may feature information relating to various medical conditions, treatments, and healthcare services available in different countries. Please be advised that the content is provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as medical advice or guidance. Please consult with your doctor or a qualified medical professional before starting or changing medical treatment.

FAQ about Dental Treatment in Turkey

Looking for the best dental clinic in Turkey? This guide will help you explore options for dental treatment in Turkey, including recommendations for choosing the leading dental Turkey centre.

What Are the Advantages of Choosing a Dental Clinic in Turkey?

You're in the right place if you're looking for the best dental clinic in Turkey for high-quality dental treatment. Turkey's dental clinics are renowned for offering top-notch dental implants, cosmetic dentistry, and a wide range of dental procedures at affordable prices. 

Whether patients need dental veneers, root canal treatment, or teeth whitening, experienced dentists in Turkey provide exceptional dental care using the latest technology. One such dental services innovation is digital smile design, which allows them to customize your treatment plan, ensuring a perfect smile.

With dental tourism on the rise, international patients are flocking to Turkey's reputable dental clinics for quality dental care. The global dental tourism market, valued at $6.2 billion in 2021, is expected to grow significantly, reaching $21.5 billion by 2031. Here are some key benefits that make Turkey an attractive destination for dental care.

Top medical tourism destination 🌍

Turkey treats 1 million international patients annually and is known for its high-quality dental care.

The study analyzed the development of oral and dental health services in Turkey over the last 50 years. The proportion of dentists working in public institutions increased significantly, and the number of dentists per 100,000 people grew about four times. Visits to dentists rose 670 times.

World-class services 🏥

Turkish clinics are internationally recognized, with 34 JCI-accredited clinics, mainly in Istanbul.

Highly experienced dentists 👩‍⚕️

Many Turkish dentists have 20+ years of experience and have been trained in Europe and the US.

Affordable prices 💸

Dental treatments in Turkey are up to 70% cheaper than in the US or Europe, with pricing controlled by the Turkish Ministry of Health.

Comprehensive packages ✈️

Clinics offer all-inclusive packages covering treatment, accommodation, and transfers, making it convenient for international patients.

Quick treatment ⏳

Minimal waiting times allow for faster access to care.

What Criteria Should Be Considered When Selecting the Best Dental Clinic in Turkey?

Here's what to consider for a successful and satisfying dental treatment in Turkey.

Accreditation and certifications📜

  • Joint Commission International (JCI). JCI ensures the clinic meets international safety and quality standards. Many Turkish dental clinics, especially in major cities like Istanbul, hold this certification.

  • ISO 9001: Quality Management Certification. This certification focuses on the clinic’s management systems, ensuring they maintain high standards of quality across all processes, from patient care to dental procedures.

  • Turkish Dental Association Certification (TDB). Local accreditation ensures bestdental clinics comply with national dental care standards set by the Turkish Dental Association, confirming the clinic’s credibility and safety within Turkey.

  • TEMOS Accreditation. TEMOS focuses on healthcare quality, specifically for medical tourism.

  • ISO 14001: Environmental Management. Clinics that are committed to environmentally sustainable practices may have this certification.

  • Accreditation from International Dental Associations. Some clinics may be affiliated with global dental organizations, such as the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) or the American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry (AACD), reflecting their dentists’ advanced training in specific fields.

Experience and qualifications of dental professionals👩🏻‍⚕️

When evaluating the dental treatment experience and qualifications of dentists in Turkey, consider the following:

  1. Specializations 🦷. Choose clinics with dental health specialists in diverse oral health fields like:

    • Cosmetic dentistry (e.g., dental veneers and teeth whitening);

    • implant dentistry (e.g., dental implants and prosthetic dentistry);

    • pediatric dentistry (for children’s dental care);

    • oral and maxillofacial surgery (for complex dental and jaw procedures).

  2. Years of experience ⏳. Look for clinics that emphasize dentists with 5+ years of experience. This level of expertise typically results in more successful outcomes for complex procedures like dental crowns or full mouth reconstructions.

  3. International training 🌍. Dentists who have undergone international training or internships, particularly in the US or Europe, are often more adept at using modern dental technology.

  4. Professional memberships⚕️. Check if the clinic’s dentists are members of reputable dental organizations, such as the Turkish Dental Association or international bodies. Membership in these organizations indicates continuous learning and adherence to global best practices.

What Is the Best Dental Clinic in Turkey?

There is no single "best" Turkey teeth clinic, as the ideal choice depends on patients' specific needs, preferences, and budget. However, some highly regarded dental clinics in Turkey stand out for patient satisfaction. 

💚 Bookimed evaluates dental treatment clinics in Turkey by analyzing important factors such as patient feedback, treatment success rates, dentist qualifications, and the integration of advanced dental technologies. This comprehensive comparison helps patients make confident decisions about their dental care. The Bookimed Clinic Ranking Policy is fully accessible to the public.

For the best dental clinics in Turkey, here’s a selection of top-rated options to consider:

Clinic Location Rating
West Dental Clinic Izmir, Turkey 4.5/5 ⭐
Hair Clinic Istanbul, Turkey 4.7/5⭐
Soraca Med Antalya, Turkey 4.8/5 ⭐
Istanbul Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Center Istanbul, Turkey 4.8/5 ⭐
Adem & Havva Medical Center Istanbul, Turkey 4.8/5 ⭐

West Dental Clinic (4.5/5⭐)

West Dental Clinic focuses on dental implants, using top brands such as Nobel Biocare and Osstem. They also provide fast smile makeovers with veneers and crowns, completing treatments in just 4 days for durable, natural-looking results.

Out of 1,884 implants, the cumulative survival rate was 93.0%, with a success rate of 91.7%.

Hair Clinic (4.7/5⭐)

The clinic offers a variety of dental treatments, including zirconia crowns, root canal treatments, and porcelain veneers. They also provide dental implants with crowns and tooth whitening, all performed by skilled professionals using advanced techniques to ensure quality results.

Soraca Med (4.8/5⭐)

SoracaMed Clinic in Antalya offers top-quality dental treatments focusing on patient care and safety. Established in 2021; the clinic provides comprehensive services, including treatment, accommodation, and transportation, for a seamless experience.

Istanbul Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Center (4.8/5⭐)

Istanbul Aesthetics Plastic Surgery Center provides advanced dental treatments, including implants and cosmetic dentistry, attracting patients from the UK, Italy, Spain, and Argentina.

Adem and Havva Medical Center (4.8/5⭐)

Adem & Havva Medical Center in Istanbul offers dental treatments such as teeth cleaning, fillings, wisdom tooth removal, implants, and veneers. The clinic provides services for international patients, including translators and accommodation.

How Do Dental Clinics in Turkey Compare to Those in Other Countries?

Here's how top 10 dental clinics in Turkey compare to clinics in other countries.

Quality of care and cutting edge dental technology 🏥

Turkish clinics stand out for using modern dental technology like 3D imaging and computer-guided implants, ensuring precision in treatments. This is comparable to leading clinics in Germany or the US.

Cost efficiency without compromise 💸

With savings up to 70% on treatments like dental veneers and dental implants, dental clinics in Turkey offer excellent value compared to the US or Europe, without compromising on quality.

Dental work in Turkey is top-quality, with dental implants having a 98.38% success rate over 44 months. This shows Turkey offers reliable and advanced dental care that matches global standards.

International patient convenience ✈️

Turkey excels in dental tourism, offering all-inclusive packages with accommodation, transfers, and personal coordinators.

Fast access to care ⏳

Unlike in the UK or Canada, patients in Turkey can access treatment quickly, making it ideal for urgent procedures like root canals or oral surgery.

Highly specialized procedures and expertise 👩‍⚕️

Turkish clinics excel in fields like implant dentistry and cosmetic dentistry, with many dentists trained internationally providing advanced treatments such as digital smile design and maxillofacial surgery.

What Types of Dental Treatments Are Popular in Turkish Clinics?

When it comes to dental tourism, Turkey leads the way. It offers high-quality care at prices that won’t break the bank. People travel from all over for cosmetic and restorative treatments. Here are a few of the most popular ones.

Dental implants 🔩

Dental implants are a top choice in Turkey for replacing missing teeth. They provide a long-lasting solution for tooth loss, often lasting 15–25 years or more with proper care.

Dental veneers 😁

Cosmetic treatments like porcelain and composite veneers are popular for those looking to enhance their smile. They create a brighter, more attractive appearance for teeth.

Teeth whitening ✨

Many patients in Turkey choose teeth whitening to achieve a radiant smile. Clinics offer advanced laser and bleaching techniques for effective results.

Root canal treatments 🦷

Root canals are a standard procedure for treating infections or tooth root damage. This treatment helps save natural teeth and restore dental health.

Dental crowns and bridges 👑

Crowns and bridges are popular choices for restoring damaged or missing teeth. They offer both cosmetic appeal and functional benefits for patients.

Orthodontic treatments 🦷

Braces and clear aligners are widely available in Turkey to correct teeth alignment issues and improve bites, helping patients achieve a straighter smile.

Oral and maxillofacial surgery 🔧

Turkish clinics frequently perform oral and maxillofacial surgeries using advanced technology for more complex cases like jaw corrections or tooth extractions.

What Should Patients Expect in Terms of Costs for Dental Procedures in Turkey?

When considering dental procedures in Turkey, patients can expect affordable dental solutions without compromising on quality. Whether seeking implant dentistry or aesthetic dentistry, Turkey’s best dental clinics offer world-class care. With excellent dental tourism facilities, many dental centers provide comprehensive packages with reasonable dental prices.

Dental Procedure Turkey (USD) UK (USD) US (USD) Canada (USD)
Dental Implants $600 - $1,000 $2,500 - $4,000 $3,000 - $5,000 $2,500 - $5,000
Dental Veneers $300 - $500 $1,000 - $1,500 $1,000 - $2,500 $800 - $1,500
Teeth Whitening $200 - $400 $500 - $1,000 $500 - $1,500 $400 - $800
Root Canal Treatment $120 - $250 $1,200 - $1,800 $900 - $1,500 $800 - $1,200
Dental Crowns $300 - $600 $800 - $1,200 $1,000 - $2,000 $800 - $1,500
Oral Surgery Starting at $300 Starting at $1,000 Starting at $2,000 Starting at $1,500

💰Patients can save between 50% and 80% on dental procedures in Turkey compared to the UK, US, and Canada. For example, a dental implant in Turkey costs around $600-$1,000, ranging from $2,500-$4,000 in the UK and $3,000-$5,000 in the US. 

What Are the All-Inclusive Dental Treatment Packages?

All-inclusive dental treatment packages in Turkey provide a complete solution for international patients seeking affordable, high-quality dental care. Bookimed provides extensive packages from partner clinics, featuring impressive benefits for patients. Many discover that prices through Bookimed are lower than when booking directly with clinics. Plus, special limited-time offers often provide even more significant discounts.

Here’s what these packages usually include:

Dental treatments 🦷

High quality treatment options, such as a single dental implant or cosmetic procedures, and exceptional patient care are included. in the dental trip

Accommodation and transfers 🏨✈️

Patients receive hotel stays near the dental clinic and airport transfers. Transport to and from appointments is also included.

Consultation and follow-Up 📋

Packages include pre-treatment consultations to assess dental health and finalize the treatment plan. After the procedure, follow-up appointments ensure proper healing. Remote follow-ups are available for international patients who return home.

Language assistance 🌍

Most clinics provide English-speaking staff to assist patients with communication during treatment and recovery.

Aftercare and medications 💊

Post-treatment care includes necessary medications and recovery instructions to support proper healing after the procedure.

Payment Methods in Turkey for Dental Treatments

Patients seeking dental care in Turkey can choose from various payment options that offer flexibility and convenience:

Credit and debit cards 💳

Most dental clinics accept major cards like Visa, MasterCard, and American Express. This makes it easy and secure for international patients to pay without exchanging currency.

Cash payments 💵

Many clinics accept cash in Turkish lira, euros, or US dollars. Some even provide discounts for cash payments, which can help patients save money by avoiding transaction fees.

Bank transfers 🏦

For larger payments, clinics often provide bank details for local or international transfers. This option is popular for expensive procedures like dental implants or cosmetic dentistry.

Payment plans 📅

Some clinics offer installment plans, allowing patients to spread the cost of treatments like dental crowns or oral surgery over time. This can make managing expenses more manageable.

Online payment systems 🌐

Specific clinics accept payments through online platforms like PayPal or TransferWise. This provides a quick and secure way for international patients to settle their bills.

These payment options ensure that patients have multiple ways to pay for their dental treatments in Turkey, making the process straightforward and flexible.

What Is the Patient Experience Like at Dental Clinics in Turkey?

Patients visiting dental clinics in Turkey experience a smooth process thanks to modern technology and expert care.

Many clinics offer consultations for international patients. After that, patients receive a thorough in-clinic assessment. Dental implants, veneers, and teeth whitening are performed by experienced dentists using the latest techniques. Most procedures can be completed in just a few sessions.

Dental procedure Approximate duration
Dental Implants 3-5 days (initial)
Dental Veneers 2-4 days
Teeth Whitening 1 day
Root Canal Treatment 1-2 days
Dental Crowns 3-5 days
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Varies by complexity

📝Patients receive detailed aftercare instructions and follow-ups. This ensures a smooth recovery and long-lasting results.

Common Misconceptions About Dental Clinics in Turkey

Dental clinics in Turkey are gaining popularity, but several misconceptions about their quality of care still need to be addressed. Let’s clear up some common myths:

Lower costs mean lower quality 💸

In reality, affordable prices don’t compromise quality. a Turkish dental clinic provides high-quality dental care with modern technology for treatments like dental implants and veneers.

Safety and hygiene standards are lower 🏥

Actually, clinics in Turkey adhere to strict safety regulations set by the Turkish Dental Association and international organizations.

Dentists lack experience 👩‍⚕️

In truth, dentists in Turkey are highly skilled. Many have trained abroad in implant dentistry and oral surgery, using cutting-edge technology.

Communication is difficult 🌍

In reality, clinics employ English-speaking staff, making it easy for local and international patients
to communicate and feel comfortable while getting dental work done in Turkey.

Aftercare is inadequate 🦷

Actually, Turkish clinics provide comprehensive aftercare and remote follow-ups, especially for procedures like dental implants and teeth whitening.

Is It Safe to Get Dental Treatments in Turkey?

Dental treatments in Turkey are highly safe and reliable. Clinics use the latest dental technology and are staffed by professional doctors. With a focus on dental excellence, patients can trust the clinic's team to provide high-quality care.

This makes Turkey a top dental aesthetics choice for a dental holiday. Patients travel abroad for affordable care at a reputable dental clinic Turkey.

Dental implants in Turkey have a high success rate of 97.48% over a follow-up period of around 43 months. These rates align with global standards, confirming the reliability and effectiveness of dental procedures in Turkey.

References:

  1. Ana Sayfa » DergiPark. URL: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/3936232 (дата звернення: 07.10.2024).
  2. Dental Tourism Market Size, Share, Segments | Forecast - 2031. Allied Market Research. URL: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/dental-tourism-market-A74545 (date of access: 07.10.2024).
  3. What is the survival rate of dental implants in Turkey? A systematic review / N. S. Işıksaçan et al. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2017. Vol. 46. P. 97. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2017.02.344 (date of access: 07.10.2024).