Helicobacter pylori infection. Long-term infection of the stomach lining with H. pylori bacteria is a considerable risk factor. The bacterium spreads through direct contact with saliva, vomit, or stool.

Family history.

Diet. Eating salty food and having poorly preserved products regularly.

Occupational exposures, for example, working in a rubber or coal industry.

Tobacco use.

Adenocarcinoma. It is the most common type of stomach cancer. Adenocarcinoma starts in the cells that produce mucus;

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). GIST is a type of cancer that starts in particular nerve cells found in the walls of the stomach and other digestive organs. It belongs to a group of cancers called soft tissue sarcomas.

Lymphoma. A slow-growing tumor that responds well to early treatment. Over 90% of stomach lymphomas are associated with Helicobacter pylori infections.

Leiomyosarcoma. It is an aggressive tumor, one of the subtypes of sarcoma. Leiomyosarcoma starts in a muscle layer and is extremely rare in the stomach area.

Mucosa. Contains glandular cells that make mucus and digestive juices;

Submucosa, which has blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.

The muscle layer helps mix food and move it to the small intestine.

The subserosa and serosa are the outer layers, with the serosa being the outermost.

Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ). The abnormal cancer cells grow into the mucosa, the innermost layer of the stomach wall;

Stage I (also called stage 1). The stomach cancer may spread to the submucosa or even the muscle layer;

Stage II (also called stage 2). Cancer cells spread to the nearby lymph nodes and deeper into the stomach wall;

Stage III (also called stage 3). This stage has three sub-stages. The disease spreads all over the stomach wall and can even reach the other organs (such as spleen, colon, liver, diaphragm, or pancreas);

Stage IV (also called stage 4). The cancer spreads to all body parts, including the lungs and liver.

Heartburn;

bloated feeling after eating;

indigestion;

mild nausea;

changes in appetite;

stomach pain.

Physical exam to assess the overall health;

Medical history to check if anyone blood-related has stomach cancer;

Blood tests. Doctors may order a blood test to check for anemia, which can result from cancer, causing internal bleeding in the stomach. Another test may look for hidden blood in the stool, indicating stomach bleeding;

Instrumental tests.

HER2;

PD-L1;

Microsatellite instability;

NTRK.

Endoluminal Stent Placement. Surgeons place a thin, expandable tube (stent) from the esophagus to the stomach or from the stomach to the small intestine when a tumor blocks the passage. This procedure allows normal eating by reopening the pathway.

Endoluminal Laser Therapy. Doctors use a thin, lighted tube with a laser attached, to cut through blockages in the gastrointestinal tract. The laser acts like a knife to clear the obstruction.

Gastrojejunostomy. Surgeons remove the tumorous part of stomach cancer that blocks the small intestine. They then connect the remaining part of the stomach to the jejunum, a section of the small intestine, to restore the normal flow of food and medicine.

Chemo before surgery is known as neoadjuvant treatment. It can make the surgery more accessible by “shrinking” the tumor. It can also reduce the risk of cancer returning and extend life expectancy (5-year survival rate increases to 38% compared to 24% for perioperative chemotherapy);

Chemo after surgery (or adjuvant treatment) aims to kill any left-out cancer areas that are hard to see. It helps to prevent stomach cancer relapse. Often, the doctors prescribe chemotherapy with radiation therapy after surgery to ensure no traces of cancer cells have left.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors to slow cancer growth;

Cell structure remodeling therapies to destroy cancer cells by stimulating their death;

Targeting of DNA damage repair proteins, which cause a normal cell to mutate into a cancer cell. These proteins lead to ineffective repairing of genetic material, increasing the potential for tumor growth;

Immunotherapy stimulates the body’s response to disease by activating its immune system to identify and combat stomach cancer cells, highlighting its advantages over traditional treatments like chemotherapy.

Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT);

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT);

Respiratory gating is a supplement technique before surgical resection of the stomach.

For some earlier-stage cancers, the top stomach cancer treatment centers combine radiation therapy with chemotherapy. This approach makes tumor removal much easier and is called chemoradiation.

After surgery, radiation therapy, along with chemotherapy, may target any remaining cancer cells that couldn't be removed during the operation. This approach aims to reduce the chances of stomach cancer recurrence.

For cancers that can't be removed with surgery, radiation therapy can sometimes slow the tumor's growth and help relieve symptoms like pain, bleeding, or difficulty eating.

DaVinci Surgical system is a method of interventional radiology similar to traditional laparoscopy. However, the DaVinci system makes a few small incisions rather than a large one.

GammaKnife, which is applicable for brain metastases of stomach cancer. The mechanical accuracy of GammaKnife is less than 0.3 millimeters, making incisions practically invisible to patients.

NanoKnife. It involves placing long, thin needles directly into the tumor to deliver targeted therapy. NanoKnife is an option for patients with inoperable stomach cancer or if they do not qualify for other treatment options.

 Helicobacter pylori infection. Long-term infection of the stomach lining with H. pylori bacteria is a considerable risk factor. The bacterium spreads through direct contact with saliva, vomit, or stool.

Family history.

Diet. Eating salty food and having poorly preserved products regularly.

Occupational exposures, for example, working in a rubber or coal industry.

Tobacco use.

Adenocarcinoma. It is the most common type of stomach cancer. Adenocarcinoma starts in the cells that produce mucus;

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). GIST is a type of cancer that starts in particular nerve cells found in the walls of the stomach and other digestive organs. It belongs to a group of cancers called soft tissue sarcomas.

Lymphoma. A slow-growing tumor that responds well to early treatment. Over 90% of stomach lymphomas are associated with Helicobacter pylori infections.

Leiomyosarcoma. It is an aggressive tumor, one of the subtypes of sarcoma. Leiomyosarcoma starts in a muscle layer and is extremely rare in the stomach area.

Mucosa. Contains glandular cells that make mucus and digestive juices;

Submucosa, which has blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.

The muscle layer helps mix food and move it to the small intestine.

The subserosa and serosa are the outer layers, with the serosa being the outermost.

Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ). The abnormal cancer cells grow into the mucosa, the innermost layer of the stomach wall;

Stage I (also called stage 1). The stomach cancer may spread to the submucosa or even the muscle layer;

Stage II (also called stage 2). Cancer cells spread to the nearby lymph nodes and deeper into the stomach wall;

Stage III (also called stage 3). This stage has three sub-stages. The disease spreads all over the stomach wall and can even reach the other organs (such as spleen, colon, liver, diaphragm, or pancreas);

Stage IV (also called stage 4). The cancer spreads to all body parts, including the lungs and liver.

Heartburn;

bloated feeling after eating;

indigestion;

mild nausea;

changes in appetite;

stomach pain.

Physical exam to assess the overall health;

Medical history to check if anyone blood-related has stomach cancer;

Blood tests. Doctors may order a blood test to check for anemia, which can result from cancer, causing internal bleeding in the stomach. Another test may look for hidden blood in the stool, indicating stomach bleeding;

Instrumental tests.

HER2;

PD-L1;

Microsatellite instability;

NTRK.

Endoluminal Stent Placement. Surgeons place a thin, expandable tube (stent) from the esophagus to the stomach or from the stomach to the small intestine when a tumor blocks the passage. This procedure allows normal eating by reopening the pathway.

Endoluminal Laser Therapy. Doctors use a thin, lighted tube with a laser attached, to cut through blockages in the gastrointestinal tract. The laser acts like a knife to clear the obstruction.

Gastrojejunostomy. Surgeons remove the tumorous part of stomach cancer that blocks the small intestine. They then connect the remaining part of the stomach to the jejunum, a section of the small intestine, to restore the normal flow of food and medicine.

Chemo before surgery is known as neoadjuvant treatment. It can make the surgery more accessible by “shrinking” the tumor. It can also reduce the risk of cancer returning and extend life expectancy (5-year survival rate increases to 38% compared to 24% for perioperative chemotherapy);

Chemo after surgery (or adjuvant treatment) aims to kill any left-out cancer areas that are hard to see. It helps to prevent stomach cancer relapse. Often, the doctors prescribe chemotherapy with radiation therapy after surgery to ensure no traces of cancer cells have left.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors to slow cancer growth;

Cell structure remodeling therapies to destroy cancer cells by stimulating their death;

Targeting of DNA damage repair proteins, which cause a normal cell to mutate into a cancer cell. These proteins lead to ineffective repairing of genetic material, increasing the potential for tumor growth;

Immunotherapy stimulates the body’s response to disease by activating its immune system to identify and combat stomach cancer cells, highlighting its advantages over traditional treatments like chemotherapy.

Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT);

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT);

Respiratory gating is a supplement technique before surgical resection of the stomach.

For some earlier-stage cancers, the top stomach cancer treatment centers combine radiation therapy with chemotherapy. This approach makes tumor removal much easier and is called chemoradiation.

After surgery, radiation therapy, along with chemotherapy, may target any remaining cancer cells that couldn't be removed during the operation. This approach aims to reduce the chances of stomach cancer recurrence.

For cancers that can't be removed with surgery, radiation therapy can sometimes slow the tumor's growth and help relieve symptoms like pain, bleeding, or difficulty eating.

DaVinci Surgical system is a method of interventional radiology similar to traditional laparoscopy. However, the DaVinci system makes a few small incisions rather than a large one.

GammaKnife, which is applicable for brain metastases of stomach cancer. The mechanical accuracy of GammaKnife is less than 0.3 millimeters, making incisions practically invisible to patients.

NanoKnife. It involves placing long, thin needles directly into the tumor to deliver targeted therapy. NanoKnife is an option for patients with inoperable stomach cancer or if they do not qualify for other treatment options.